Table 4.

The summary of human epidemiological studies of BPA and its analogues towards male reproductive system.

Type of Bispheno	Study Design	Study Population (Age) (Project Name)	Country (Sample Population)	Biological Sample	[Bisphenol] Detected in Biological Sample (Mean/ Median)	Findings	Beta Coefficient	Significant Values	Author
BPA	Cross sectional study	Male children (6–11 y.o) Male Adolescents (12–19 y.o) (NHANES Project)	USA (n = 588)	Urine Serum	Mean: male children 1.74 ng/mL (urine) Mean: male adolescents 1.94 ng/mL (urine)	Reproductive hormones: No association between BPA and reproductive hormones in male children across the quartiles. Increased BPA level caused a significant decrease in TT in male adolescents across the quartiles.	Q2: β = −49.34% Q3: β = −36.87% Q4: β = −53.70%	p < 0.05	[108]
BPA	Cross sectional study	Male worker of epoxy resin manufacturer (16–63 y.o)	Shanghai, China (n = 592)	Urine Serum	Median occupational exposure: 685.9 µg/g Cr (urine) Median non-occupational exposure: 4.2 µg/gCr (urine)	Reproductive hormones: Increased level of BPA cause significant increase in: Prolactin SHBG E2 across the quartiles Increased level of BPA cause significant decreased in levels: AD FSH across the quartiles			[109]
							β = 0.0589 ng/mL	p < 0.001
							β = 0.0293 nmol/L	p < 0.01
							β = 0.0362 pg/mL	p < 0.001
							β = −0.0367 ng/mL	p < 0.001
							β = −0.024 mIU/mL	p < 0.05
BPA	Cross sectional study	Male worker of epoxy resin manu-facturer	Guang-dong, China (n = 559)	Serum	Median workers: 8.75 ng/mL (serum) Median non-workers: 3.37 ng/mL (serum)	Reproductive hormones: No association between workers and non-workers on the level of SHBG, TT, INB and AD			[110]
						Increased exposure time caused significant decreased in median AD level among workers.	-	p < 0.001
						Increased exposure time caused significant increase in median SHBG level among workers.	-	p < 0.05
						Increased BPA level caused significant increase in median SHBG level among workers.	β = 2.79 nmol/L	p < 0.05
						Increased of BPA level caused significant decreased in median AD level among workers.	β = −0.18 ng/mL	p < 0.001
BPA	Cross sectional study	Young men	Denmark (n = 308)	Urine Serum Semen	Median: 3.74 ng/mL (Osm)(urine)	Reproductive hormones: Increased level of BPA caused significant increase in: TT FT LH E2 across the quartiles.			[111]
							β = 0.7 nmol/L	p < 0.01
							β = 2.7%	p < 0.05
							β = 3.5%	p < 0.05
							β = 2.7%	p < 0.05
						Sperm characteristics: Increased level of BPA caused a significant decreased in percentage of progressive motile spermatozoa across the quartiles.	β = −1.82%	p < 0.01
BPA	Cross sectional study	Young men (18–23 y.o)	Spain (n = 215)	Urine Serum Semen	Mean: 1.8 µg/g (urine)	Reproductive hormones: Increased level of BPA caused significant increase in LH level across the quartiles. No association between BPA and FSH, FT, SHBG, INB and E2 across the quartile.	β = 0.07 IU/L	p < 0.01	[112]
						Sperm characteristics: Increased level of BPA caused significant decreased in sperm characteristic across the quartiles: concentration sperm count No association between BPA and sperm motility and morphology
							β = −0.04 Mill./mL	p < 0.01
							β = −0.05 Mill.	p < 0.01
BPA	Retro-spective cohort	Pregnant woman Male chil-dren (8–14 y.o) (ELEMENT project)	Mexico (n = 118)	Urine Urine Serum	Mean: 0.7 ng/mL (urine) Mean: 1.1 ng/mL (urine)	Reproductive hormones: No association between prenatal urinary BPA and the boy sex hormones in the level of SHBG, INB, TT, E2, DHEAS and FT	-	-	[114]
						No association between child-hood urinary BPA and the boy sex hormones in the level of SHBG, INB, TT, E2, DHEAS and FT	-	-
BPA	Retro-spective cohort	Pregnant woman (Week 18 & 34) Young men (20–22 y.o)	Australia (n = 423)	Serum (mother) Semen	Median: 0.25 µg/L (serum)	Sperm characteristics: Maternal exposure of BPA caused significant changes in sperm characteristics of young men such as increased in the sperm concentration and motility.	-	p < 0.05	[115]
BPA	Pro-spective cohort	Men IVF patient (34.05 y.o)	Slovenia (n = 149)	Semen	Mean: 1.33 ng/mg (urine)	Sperm characteristics: Increase concentration of BPA cause significant decrease in: sperm concentration sperm count sperm motility sperm vitality			[116]
							β = −0.219, R2 = 0.071	p = 0.047
							β = −0.241, R2 = 0.092	p = 0.039
							β = −0.273, R2 = 0.075	p = 0.043
							β = −0.266, R2 = 0.052	p = 0.026
BPA	Pro-spective cohort	Fertile men (>18 y.o)	Michigan and Texas (n = 418)	Urine Semen	Mean: 0.51 µg/g (urine)	Sperm characteristics: Increased level of BPA caused significant decreased in sperm DNA fragmentation. No association between BPA and semen analysis (sperm morphology, sperm concentration, total sperm count, semen volume).	β = −0.0544	p < 0.05	[118]
BPA/ BPF/ BPS	Cross sectional study	Young men (18–20 y.o) FEPOS	Denmark (n = 556)	Urine Semen	BPA (urine) Q1: <0.68 ng/mL Q3: 1.3–2.74 ng/mL BPF (urine) Q1: <0.06 ng/mL Q3: 0.14–0.34 ng/mL BPS Q1: <0.03 ng/mL Q3: 0.06–0.17 ng/mL (urine)	Sperm characteristics: Percentage of motile spermatozoa in Q3 is significantly higher compared to Q1 in BPA and BPF exposures. Volume of semen per ejaculate in Q3 is significantly lower compared to Q1 in BPA and BPS exposures. No association between (BPA, BPF, and BPS) with the other semen analysis (sperm concentration, total sperm count, normal sperm morphology, motility and ejaculate volume).	β = 1.07% β = −0.87 mL	p < 0.05 p < 0.05	[119]
BPS	Cross sectional study	Infertile patient (18–56 y.o)	Boston, MA, USA (n = 158)	Urine Semen	Mean BPA: 0.77 µg/L (urine) Mean BPS: 0.37 µg/L (urine)	Semen characteristics: Volume of semen per ejaculate in Q2 is significantly higher compared to Q1 in BPS exposure. Sperm concentration in Q3 is significantly lower compared to Q1 in BPS exposure. Increased level of BPS caused significant decreased in sperm quality among obese/overweight men (BMI >25 kg/m2): sperm concentration total sperm count total motility	β = 3.0 mL β = −29.2 mil/mL	p < 0.05 p < 0.05	[117]

Abbreviations: ↑: Increase; ↓ Decrease