Table 1.

Summary of pathological roles of macrophages in erectile dysfunction.

Cause of ED	Pathological Roles	References
Vasculogenic	Endothelial injury and plaque instability due to endothelial dysfunction	[32,33]
	Reactive oxygen species production and cytokine secretion	[8,35,36]
	Modulation of lipid metabolism (oxidization of low-density lipoprotein)	[8]
Neurogenic	Modulation of cavernous nerve injury and nitrergic nerve apoptosis	[42,43]
	Impairment of erectile tissue physiology	[42]
	Regulation of corporal smooth muscle function	[43]
Obesity-related	Increase in TNF-α expression in the corpus cavernosum	[55,56]
	Stimulation of inflammatory status in penile tissues	[56]

ED, erectile dysfunction; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.