Figure 4.

GAA does not induce cell death in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. (A) The chemical structure of GAA. (B) GAA did not induce apoptosis and necrosis according to analysis by flow cytometry of Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining at 24 h. H₂O₂ was used as a positive control. (C) Statistical analysis of necrosis (Q1), late apoptosis (Q2), early apoptosis (Q3), and viability (Q4) in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (n = 4). The same experimental group was assessed by repeating cell culture four times. All data represent means ± SEM. * p < 0.05 versus the control group. Con, control; GAA, gossypol acetic acid; H₂O₂, hydrogen peroxide.