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Risk factors associated with HNSCC development affect DNA methylation and miRNA expression, showing different mechanisms by which tobacco components, alcohol, and HPV infection may lead to aberrant DNA methylation profiles and aberrant miRNA expression. NNK, 4-(methylnitro-samino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone; BaP, benzo(a)pyrene; TCA Cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle.
