Table 3.
Literature describing leukemic infiltration of various organs.
| Author | Disease | Summary of Findings |
|---|---|---|
| Roberts et al. (1968) [9] | Leukemia involving the heart | 420 patients in the study of postmortem examination of hearts of deceased patients with leukemia. 60% patients in the study had ALL and 40% had AML; 37% of hearts found to have leukemic infiltrates; infiltrates described as focal and few in number; mainly in LV and RA. |
| Sumners et al. (1969 ) [10] | Leukemia involving the heart | 116 hearts of children studied over a 5-year period. 44% patients found to have leukemic infiltrates of the heart |
| Hori et al. (2006); Malbora et al. (2010); and Barbaric et al. (2002) [2,11,12] | Systemic leukemia involving the heart | Adolescents presenting with cardiac symptoms related to leukemic involvement of the heart; echocardiogram and chest imaging may help with diagnosing leukemic involvement of the heart |
| Wiernik et al. (1976); Hardikar et al. (2002); Espino et al. (2001) [16,17,18] | Systemic leukemia involving the heart | Signs and symptoms of cardiac involvement of leukemia: respiratory symptoms, pleural or pericardial effusions, and cardiomyopathy; require distinguishing from treatment related adverse effects |
| Nies et al. (1965) [21] | Leukemia with various organ involvement | Infiltration of various organs including kidney (most common), followed by liver, testes, and bowel |
| Cunningham et al. (2006); Ragoonanan et al. (2021) [22,28] | Systemic leukemia involving the breast | Sites of infiltration can include the breast; can represent a site of resistant leukemia including ALL and AML; leukemic infiltration of the breast following HSCT and CAR T-cell therapy has also been described |
| Bhatti et al. (2010); Kletzel et al. (2000); Papadakis et al. (2010); [25,26,27] | Systemic leukemia involving the GI tract | Relapsed leukemia in pediatric patients involving the GI tract; presentation can mimic acute GVHD when occurring following HSCT; symptoms can be nonspecific including abdominal pain and diarrhea |
| Chong et al. (2000); Au et al. (1999); Lee et al. (2005); Odom et al. (1978) [29,30,31] | EMR following HSCT | Rate of relapse at extramedullary sites following HSCT: 29%; areas of relapse following HSCT kidneys, mediastinal soft tissue, adrenal glands, intestine; GVL effect may be more forceful in the bone marrow rather than EM sites and those that are lymphocyte poor |
Abbreviations: ALL, acute lymphoblastic leukemia; AML, acute myeloid leukemia; EMR, extramedullary relapse; GI, gastrointestinal; GVL, graft-versus-leukemia; HSCT, hematopoietic stem cell transplant; LV, left ventricle; RA, right atrium.