Table 1.

Overview of ncRNA functions in the context of tumor immunology.

ncRNA	Cell Subset	Function	Cancer	References
miR-15b	CD8 T cells	↓ AICD ↓ IFN-γ/IL-2 production	Lung	[63]
miR-23a	CD8 T cells	↓ Cytotoxicity ↓ IFN-γ production ↓ Blimp-1, Eomes, T-bet, Granzyme B	Lung Melanoma	[64]
miR-146a	T cells	↓ Antitumor responses ↓ IFN-γ production	Melanoma	[74]
miR-491	T cells	↓ Proliferation ↓ IFN-γ production ↑ Apoptosis ↓ Bcl-xL, TCF-1, CDK4	Colorectal	[66]
Lnc NEAT1	CD8 T cells	↓ Cytotoxicity ↑ Tim3	Hepatocarcinoma	[70]
Lnc-Tim3	CD8 T cells	↑ Exhaustion ↓ IL-2/IFN-γ production Binds Tim-3 and blocks interaction with Bat3	Hepatocarcinoma	[71]
miR-17-92	T cells	↑ Th1 function ↑ CD4 T cell help to CD8 T cells ↓ iTreg induction ↓ Pten, TGFRII, CREB1	Melanoma	[76]
miR-21	T cells	↑ Antitumor responses ↑ Proliferation ↑ IFN-γ/IL-2 production ↓ Pten signaling	Hepatoma Fibrosarcoma	[69]
miR-28	T cells	↓ Exhaustion ↑ IL-2/TNF-α production	Melanoma	[77]
miR-124	T cells	↑ Proliferation ↓ Treg induction ↑ IFN-γ/IL-2/TNF-α production ↓ STAT3	Glioma	[79]
miR-138	T cells	↓ Treg induction ↓ CTLA-4, PD-1	Glioma	[80]
miR-146a	CD4 T cells	↓ IL-17 production	Colorectal	[67]
miR-149-3p	CD8 T cells	↓ Exhaustion ↑ Activation ↑ Cytotoxicity ↑ IFN-γ/IL-2/TNF-α production	Breast	[78]
miR-155	T cells	↑ Antitumor responses ↑ IFN-γ production ↓ Ship1	Melanoma Thymic lymphoma	[72,73,74,75]
Lnc GM16343	CD8 T cells	↑ IFN-γ production	Colon	[68]

↑: increased, ↓: reduced.