Anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects of PVT in PDAC cells (A) Cytotoxic effects of PVT were evaluated in L3.6pl cells by SRB assay. (B) Colony formation assay on PO2 cells. (C) AsPC1 (D) BxPC3 (E) L3.6pl and (F) PO2 cells were evaluated by AnnexinV/APC assay. Early- and late-stage apoptosis was added and plotted in graphs. Data were quantitated using FlowJo software and plotted using GraphPad Prism 7.0. Whole cell lysates of (G) AsPC1, BxPC3, L3.6pl, MIAPaCa2, and PO2 cells treated with increasing concentrations of PVT were immunoblotted for cleaved caspase 3. Statistically significant when compared with control. * p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01, *** p ≤ 0.001.