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The involvement of air pollution and microbiota in the pathogenesis of RA. ACPA, anti-citrullinated protein antibodies; APC, antigen-presenting cells; IFN, interferon gamma; IL, interleukin; NF-KB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; NLR, nod-like receptor; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TLR, toll-like receptor; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; UVB, ultraviolet B radiation; VDR, vitamin D receptor.
