Figure 2.

Receptor- signaling pathways for iPLA2, sPLA2 and cPLA2 leading to production of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARE). In turn, DHA and ARA are metabolized by cyclooxygenases (COX) and lipoxygenases (LOX) to produce docosanoids and eicosanoids and undergo peroxidation to produce 4-hydroxyhexenal (4-HHE) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), respectively. Abbreviations: AMPA, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole proprionic acid receptor, TLR, Toll-like receptors, NMDA, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor.