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Induction of GDF15 as a myomitokine. Different (patho)physiological conditions resulting in increased muscle mitochondrial stress activate the integrated stress response (ISR) culminating in a CHOP-dependent induction of GDF15 expression which can, but does not necessarily, result in increased secretion and circulating GDF15 levels. Figure created with BioRender.com (28 September 2021).
