Table 1.
Animal models implicating GDF15 as a myokine/cardiokine.
| Disease Model | Pathology/Disease | Study | Main Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| Monocrotaline (MCT) rat | Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) | [84] | GDF15-mediated phosphorylation of TAK1 leads to muscle loss in PAH |
| GDF15-KO mouse | Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury | [65] | GDF15 protects from I/R injury |
| Transient GDF15 overexpression in tibialis anterior muscle (mouse) | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | [85] | GDF15 contributes to muscle loss in COPD |
| Cardiac-specific GDF15 overexpression (mouse) | Cardiac hypertrophy | [82] | GDF15 as an autocrine/endocrine factor antagonizing hypertrophic response and loss of ventricular performance |
| Deletor mouse | Mitochondrial myopathy | [86] | Mitochondrial myopathy is associated with induction of ISRmt and Gdf15 mRNA in muscle |
| αKOγKO mouse (genotype: ERRα−/−ERRγflox/floxMyh6-Cre+ | Pediatric heart disease with failure to thrive | [81] | Increased cardiac-derived circulating GDF15 blocks hepatic growth hormone signaling |
| hGDF15 overexpressing mouse | Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury | [83] | GDF15 protects from I/R injury in heart transplantation |
| Crif-mKO mouse | Mitochondrial dysfunction | [4] | GDF15 as a myomitokine, protects from development of obesity and insulin resistance |
| Ant1-KO mouse | Increased mitochondrial metabolism | [67] | ROS overproduction increases Gdf15 gene expression in muscle and prevents diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance |
| Ucp1-tg mouse | Mild skeletal muscle mitochondrial dysfunction | [66] | GDF15 as a mitomyokine mediates diurnal anorexia and beneficial metabolic adaptations |