Table 2.

Clinical characteristics of studied participants. Presented are mean values and interquartile ranges for each parameter. IFG-subjects with impaired fasting glucose and normal glucose tolerance; IFG+IGT–subjects with impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance; BMI–body mass index; HbA1c-Haemoglobin A1c; VAT–visceral adipose tissue; TG–triglycerides; HDL-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; VO2max-maximal oxygen consumption; HOMA-IR-homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance was calculated; HOMA-β-homeostatic model assessment of beta-cell function. Bold and Italic values denote statistical significance at the p < 0.05 level.

Parameter (Unit)	Normoglycemia n = 19		IFG n = 27		IFG + IGT n = 8		p-Value
	Before	After 3 m.	Before	After 3 m.	Before	After 3 m.	Baseline	Time	Time × Diagnosis
Weight (kg)	89.43	89.30	92.80	91.69	95.60	93.57	0.557	0.020	0.272
	(83.84–95.02)	(83.70–94.89)	(88.20–97.40)	(87.09–96.30)	(87.07–104.14)	(85.01–102.13)
BMI (kg/m2)	27.62	27.55	29.37	29.00	31.98	31.31	0.021	0.012	0.288
	(26.08–29.17)	(26.00–29.09)	(28.09–30.64)	(27.73–30.28)	(29.62–34.34)	(28.94–33.69)
HbA1c (%)	5.24	5.12	5.46	5.31	5.76	5.61	0.008	<0.001	0.881
	(5.06–5.42)	(4.94–5.30)	(5.32–5.61)	(5.16–5.46)	(5.49–6.03)	(5.33–5.88)
Glucose 0′ (mg/dL)	96.14	101.19	109.50	105.26	120.19	110.70	<0.001	0.148	<0.001
	(99.15–93.32)	(104.60–98)	(112.72–106.46)	(108.29–102.40)	(127.59–113.60)	(117.36–104.76)
Glucose 120′ (mg/dL)	85.76	98.79	96.10	92.09	165.88	116.15	<0.001	0.006	<0.001
	(75.14–97.08)	(87.19–111.11)	(86.74–105.93)	(82.82–101.86)	(143.36–190.04)	(96.61–137.47)
Insulin 0′ (μU/mL)	9.44	9.28	12.32	10.37	21.07	15.60	<0.001	<0.001	0.015
	(7.23–11.66)	(7.06–11.49)	(10.48–14.15)	(8.54–12.21)	(17.28–24.87)	(11.62–19.57)
Insulin 120′ (μU/mL)	18.23	19.79	36.36	22.69	178.29	82.96	<0.001	0.003	0.014
	(12.13–27.40)	(13.09–29.91)	(25.99–50.87)	(16.16–31.87)	(88.88–357.62)	(39.9–172.50)
VAT mass (kg)	1.55	1.46	1.80	1.57	2.59	2.19	0.030	<0.001	0.075
	(1.24–1.88)	(1.16–1.79)	(1.52–2.09)	(1.32–1.85)	(2.00–3.26)	(1.65–2.82)
Total Chol. (mg/dL)	193.29	194.11	194.64	200.66	206.29	196.01	0.879	0.762	0.258
	(175.80–210.79)	(176.48–211.74)	(180.22–209.06)	(186.15–215.18)	(179.56–233.02)	(168.67–223.35)
TG (mg/dL)	98.44	89.79	102.07	104.72	151.66	125.88	0.166	0.086	0.184
	(78.50–123.45)	(71.48–112.79)	(84.70–123.01)	(86.80–126.35)	(107.32–214.33)	(88.39–179.28)
HDL (mg/dL)	56.20	57.19	50.54	50.27	53.33	52.38	0.258	0.933	0.745
	(50.25–62.49)	(51.16–63.57)	(45.87–55.43)	(45.60–55.17)	(44.62–62.82)	(43.62–61.94)
LDL (mg/dL)	122.09	124.88	131.03	131.84	130.72	134.24	0.684	0.509	0.936
	(106.35–137.82)	(109.01–140.75)	(118.06–144.00)	(118.77–144.90)	(106.67–154.77)	(109.59–158.89)
VO2max (mL/kg/min)	32.33	32.65	30.44	32.20	29.07	31.26	0.427	0.221	0.009
	(31.18–35.48)	(31.46–35.83)	(28.66–32.22)	(30.40–34.00)	(25.78–32.36)	(27.85–34.68)
HOMA-IR	2.07	2.13	3.13	2.46	5.95	4.25	<0.001	0.006	0.030
	(1.70–2.53)	(1.75–2.60)	(2.66–3.69)	(2.09–2.90)	(4.23–8.37)	(2.96–6.09)
HOMA-b (%)	95.75	80.84	90.42	81.05	130.24	105.04	0.146	0.007	0.729
	(79.92–114.71)	(67.47–96.85)	(77.88–105.00)	(69.80–94.11)	(95.58–177.46)	(75.69–145.77)
Fat mass (kg)	25.17	24.49	28.01	26.02	31.33	28.62	0.237	<0.001	0.136
	(21.84–28.51)	(21.14–27.83)	(25.26–30.76)	(23.26–28.77)	(26.24–36.43)	(23.49–33.75)
Lean mass (kg)	60.46	61.64	61.18	62.39	59.78	60.74	0.835	<0.001	0.883
	(57.30–63.61)	(58.48–64.80)	(58.58–63.78)	(59.79–65.00)	(54.96–64.61)	(55.91–65.57)