Table 5.

Agricultural and Industrial wastes utilized for the extraction of bioactive ingredients in cosmetics

Waste	Active ingredients	Benefits	References
Coffee waste: unused coffee beans, spent coffee grounds, and silver skin/husks	Phenols and polyphenols (Caffeoylquinic acids, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid), linoleic acid, phytosterols	Antioxidants, protect against accelerated aging, protect against UVB, limit photo-aging and/or stimulate skin repair, increased skin hydration	(Toschi et al. 2014; Abdeltaif et al. 2018)
Tomato waste: unused pulp, skin, and seeds	Caffeic acid, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acids, quercetin-3-β-O-glycoside, quercetin, lycopene, naringenin-chalcone	Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, modulate cell growth, and impart anti-mutagenic properties	(Stajčić et al. 2015; Nour et al. 2018)
Olive waste: olive oil mill wastewater (OMWW), olive pomace, and filter cake	Polyphenols (hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, caffeic acid, vanillic acid, verbascoside, oleuropein, ferulic acid, and p-coumaric acid), ammonium, and phosphorus	Strong antioxidants, inhibit cancer cell proliferation and protect DNA from oxidative damage, antimicrobial potency, anti-aging, inhibition of melanogenesis	(Rodrigues et al. 2015)
Mango fruit waste: leaves, stems, bagasse, seeds and kernels, peels, and barks	Dietary fiber (pectin/cellulose), carotenoids, flavonoids, polyphenols, and phytosterols as campesterol, sitosterol and tocopherols, and hydrolysable tannins	Antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, and antibiotic potential	(Wall‐Medrano et al. 2020)(Tesfaye 2017)
Chestnut waste: leaves, burs, and husks	Minerals (Fe, Zn, Cu, K, and Ca), CsL ellagic acid, and gallic acid Derivatives, phenolics, and flavonoids, such as chlorogenic acid, rutin, hyperoside, and isoquercitrin	Antioxidants, anti-wrinkle properties, protection from UVB, and activation of proteolytic enzymes	(Flórez-Fernández et al. 2020; Hu et al. 2021)
Citrus waste: peel, molasses, seeds, and leaves	Flavonoids, carotenoids, phenolic compounds, vitamin E, phytosterols and essential oils, terpene d-Limonene, and perillyl alcohol	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immune-stimulatory, antimicrobial, preservatives, protect from UV-induced inflammation
Peel waste: potato and red beet	Minerals (Fe, Zn, K, and Ca), vitamins (B and C), polyphenols, and phenolic acids such as gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and p-coumaric acid, fatty acids, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, and lipids. Betaine	Antioxidants, antibacterial properties, skin lightener, skin conditioning, humectant, emollient, color pigments, and hepatoprotective actions	(Samarin et al. 2012; Costa et al. 2017; Pathak et al. 2018; Samotyja 2019)
Onion skin, leftover roots of sansing green onions, and garlic husk	Fiber and phenolic compounds, such as quercetin and other flavonoids, Di-ferulic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid-O-glucoside, coumaric acid-O-glucoside, caffeoylputrescine, bactericidal allicin, malic acid, phosphate sugar, prostaglandin	Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, melanin synthesis inhibition, anti-aging, skin whitening, and moisture retention	(Kallel et al. 2014)(Chen et al. 2019)