Table 2.

Effects of maternal hyperglycemia on the mother and offspring—adapted after [8].

Maternal risks∗	Short term	(i) Preeclampsia (ii) High blood pressure (iii) Premature birth (iv) Caesarean section (v) Polyhydramnios (vi) Postpartum bleeding (vii) Infection
	Long term	(i) GDM in the next pregnancies (ii) Diabetes Mellitus (5-6.5%, 6 months after birth) [10] (iii) Metabolic syndrome (iv) Cardiovascular/renal disease
Fetal/newborn baby risks	Short term	(i) Prematurity (especially in the case of important maternal hyperglycemia) [11] (ii) Macrosomia (especially in the case of important maternal hyperglycemia) [12] (iii) Fetal injury at birth (iv) Hypoglycemia (v) Polycythemia (vi) Cardiac malformations (hypertrophic cardiopathy) (vii) Stillbirth
	Long term	High risk of DM, obesity/overweight

^∗There is a clear relation of causality between the levels of hyperglycemia and the complications occurring in the mother and the offspring.