Table 1.
Characteristics of MetS cases and controlsa in FAMILY
| Characteristic | MetS caseb (n = 228) | MetS control (n = 228) | Overall (n = 456) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 5.14 (0.28) | 5.16 (0.29) | 5.15 (0.29) |
| Sex (female) | 115 (50.4%) | 115 (50.4%) | 230 (50.4%) |
| Daily night sleep (hours) | 10.88 (0.65) | 10.93 (0.61) | 10.90 (0.63) |
| Physical activity (weighted daily minutes) | 237 (71) | 227 (71) | 232 (71) |
| Diet quality Index | − 0.82 (3.4) | − 1.37 (3.45) | − 1.1 (3.43) |
| Social disadvantage index | |||
| Low (0–1) | 164 (73.5%) | 163 (75.1%) | 327 (74.0%) |
| Moderate (2–3) | 43 (19.3%) | 48 (22.1%) | 91 (21.0%) |
| High (4–5) | 16 (7.2%) | 6 (2.8%) | 22 (5.0%) |
| Screen time exposure | |||
| Low exposure (< 2 h) | 53 (23.3%)* | 71 (31.8%) | 124 (28.0%) |
| High exposure (≥ 2 h) | 174 (76.7%)* | 152 (68.2%) | 326 (72.0%) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 101.30 (8.31)*** | 97.37 (8.03) | 99.33 (8.40) |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 61.18 (5.44)*** | 59.25 (5.42) | 60.21 (5.51) |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.13 (0.65) | 4.07 (0.72) | 4.10 (0.69) |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.43 (0.32)* | 1.37 (0.31) | 1.40 (0.31) |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.38 (0.61) | 2.37 (0.63) | 2.37 (0.62) |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 0.71 (0.31) | 0.69 (0.29) | 0.70 (0.30) |
| Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L) | 4.75 (0.38)*** | 4.52 (0.31) | 4.63 (0.37) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 16.66 (1.80)*** | 15.13 (0.90) | 15.89 (1.62) |
| BMI-for-age z-score (WHO) | 0.84 (1.01)*** | − 0.12 (0.64) | 0.36 (0.97) |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 53.43 (4.47)*** | 49.97 (2.59) | 51.70 (4.04) |
| Waist circumference-to-height | 0.48 (0.04)*** | 0.45 (0.02) | 0.47 (0.03) |
| Sum of skinfolds (mm) | 20.50 (6.78)*** | 16.80 (4.14) | 18.63 (5.91) |
| z-BMI ≥ 75th percentile AND waist circumference ≥ 90th percentile | 45 (19.7%) | 0 (0%) | 45 (9.9%) |
| z-BMI ≥75th percentile AND median ≤ waist circumference < 90th percentile | 89 (39.0%) | 0 (0%) | 89 (19.5%) |
| z-BMI ≥75th percentile AND systolic blood pressure ≥ 90th percentile | 22 (9.7%) | 0 (0%) | 22 (4.8%) |
| Fasting glucose ≥ 90th percentile | 70 (30.7%) | 0 (0%) | 70 (15.4%) |
| Maternal GDM | 75 (32.9%) | 0 (0%) | 75 (16.4%) |
Values are presented as mean (SD) or n (%). aAge- and sex-matched 1:1 with control children. bStatistical comparisons between MetS cases and controls assuming equal (t test) or unequal variance (Welch’s t test) were performed as appropriate for continuous variables; Fisher exact tests were used for categorical variables. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001