Fig. 2.

Changes in concentrations of cytokines (pg/µg total protein) such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ), interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in comparison of baseline and at 4-week post-discharged from oral swabs of children. Children were hospitalized for acute RTI and randomly assigned to a double-blind treatment with either placebo (n = 60) or probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis Probio-M8 (n = 59) upon admission to ward, throughout hospitalization and until 4-week post-discharged