Table 1.

The research protocol and experiment process of each group according to the VR application

Time (min)	Group 1 (control)	Group 2 (VR with controllers)	Group 3 (VR with hand tracking)
5–10	Take the pre-test to test prior knowledge about intubation.	Take the pre-test to test prior knowledge about intubation.	Take the pre-test to test prior knowledge about intubation.
6	Study intubation from the video.	Study intubation from the video.	Study intubation from the video.
10–15	-	Practice by self-studying using VR application with interaction through controllers.	Practice by self-studying using the VR application with interaction through hand tracking.
5–10	Take the post-test to evaluate intubation knowledge after learning.	Take the post-test to evaluate intubation knowledge after learning.	Take the post-test to evaluate intubation knowledge after learning.
5–10	Intubation practice test with a manikin.	Intubation practice test with a manikin.	Intubation practice test with a manikin.
5	-	Questionnaires and interviews about the VR experience.	Questionnaires and interviews about the VR experience.

VR, virtual reality.