Table 1.
Phthalate Exposures and Associations with Sociodemographic and Behavioral Factors, NHANES 2001–2010 Linked Mortality File.
| Characteristic | No. | LMW | HMW | DEHP | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | P | Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | P | Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | P | ||
| Number of participants | 5303 | 1768 | 1765 | 1769 | 1766 | 1768 | 1769 | 1766 | 1768 | 1769 | |||
| Age, years, mean ± SE | 57.9±0.4 | 56.2±0.3 | 55.4±0.4 | <0.0001 | 57.7±0.4 | 56.3±0.3 | 55.7±0.3 | <0.0001 | 57.4±0.4 | 56.5±0.4 | 55.8±0.4 | 0.001 | |
| Sex, % (SE) | |||||||||||||
| Male | 2663 | 45.6 (1.5) | 47.1 (1.4) | 49.7 (1.5) | 0.10 | 40.0 (1.3) | 51.2 (1.5) | 51.0 (1.5) | <0.0001 | 39.4 (1.4) | 52.2 (1.5) | 50.6 (1.5) | <0.0001 |
| Female | 2640 | 54.4 (1.5) | 52.9 (1.4) | 50.3 (1.5) | 60.0 (1.3) | 48.8 (1.5) | 49.0 (1.5) | 60.6 (1.4) | 47.8 (1.5) | 49.4 (1.5) | |||
| Race/ethnicity, % (SE) | |||||||||||||
| Hispanic | 1220 | 6.5 (1.0) | 8.7 (1.2) | 12.8 (1.3) | <0.0001 | 8.0 (1.0) | 10.2 (1.3) | 9.3 (1.1) | 0.001 | 7.7 (1.0) | 10.4 (1.4) | 9.4 (1.1) | 0.001 |
| Non-Hispanic whites | 2842 | 82.5 (1.4) | 76.6 (1.7) | 67.2 (2.1) | 78.6 (1.5) | 74.6 (1.8) | 74.6 (1.7) | 79.2 (1.4) | 73.4 (1.9) | 75.2 (1.8) | |||
| Non-Hispanic black | 1047 | 4.6 (0.5) | 10.9 (1.0) | 16.3 (1.4) | 7.5 (0.7) | 11.1 (1.1) | 12.0 (1.1) | 7.8 (0.7) | 11.2 (1.0) | 11.7 (1.1) | |||
| Other | 194 | 6.5 (0.9) | 3.7 (0.6) | 3.7 (0.6) | 5.9 (0.8) | 4.2 (0.7) | 4.0 (0.7) | 5.4 (0.7) | 5.0 (0.8) | 3.8 (0.7) | |||
| Education, % (SE) | |||||||||||||
| Less than high school | 1634 | 16.5 (1.0) | 19.7 (1.1) | 21.7 (1.4) | 0.001 | 18.6 (1.2) | 19.3 (1.2) | 19.4 (1.5) | 0.84 | 19.3 (1.2) | 19.7 (1.2) | 18.3 (1.4) | 0.89 |
| High school | 1274 | 24.0 (1.2) | 25.8 (1.3) | 27.1 (1.6) | 24.7 (1.2) | 26.0 (1.5) | 26.0 (1.3) | 25.3 (1.2) | 25.1 (1.5) | 26.2 (1.3) | |||
| College or higher | 2395 | 59.5 (1.6) | 54.6 (1.5) | 51.2 (2.0) | 56.7 (1.6) | 54.7 (1.8) | 54.6 (1.6) | 55.3 (1.6) | 55.2 (1.7) | 55.5 (1.7) | |||
| Family income to poverty ratio, % (SE) | |||||||||||||
| <1 | 797 | 8.6 (0.9) | 9.6 (0.8) | 10.7 (0.9) | 0.08 | 8.9 (0.8) | 10.0 (0.9) | 9.7 (0.9) | 0.9 | 9.3 (0.8) | 10.3 (0.9) | 9.1 (0.8) | 0.34 |
| 1.−1.9 | 1267 | 15.2 (1.0) | 17.2 (1.2) | 19.4 (1.2) | 18.0 (1.2) | 17.1 (1.2) | 16.2 (1.1) | 19.0 (1.2) | 16.8 (1.2) | 15.5 (1.0) | |||
| 2–3.9 | 1333 | 28.4 (1.7) | 26.4 (1.4) | 25.2 (1.2) | 26.1 (1.4) | 27.6 (1.3) | 26.8 (1.3) | 26.4 (1.4) | 27.2 (1.2) | 26.8 (1.4) | |||
| ≥4 | 1492 | 41.5 (1.9) | 39.8 (1.6) | 37.8 (1.7) | 40.0 (1.8) | 38.7 (1.9) | 40.8 (1.5) | 38.2 (1.9) | 39.4 (1.8) | 42.0 (1.5) | |||
| missing | 414 | 6.3 (0.7) | 6.9 (0.8) | 3.9 (0.7) | 7.0 (0.8) | 6.6 (0.7) | 6.5 (0.7) | 7.1 (0.8) | 6.3 (0.8) | 6.7 (0.7) | |||
| Alcohol drink, %(SE) | |||||||||||||
| Non-drinker | 3111 | 57.6 (1.4) | 57.3 (2.0) | 54.4 (1.6) | 0.74 | 54.6 (1.7) | 56.5 (1.8) | 58.6 (1.7) | 0.0001 | 52.3 (1.7) | 57.0 (1.7) | 60.4 (1.7) | <0.0001 |
| Moderate drinking | 362 | 6.9 (0.7) | 7.2 (0.9) | 7.2 (0.8) | 5.5 (0.6) | 6.9 (0.8) | 9.0 (0.8) | 4.8 (0.6) | 7.6 (0.8) | 9.0 (0.8) | |||
| Heavy drinking | 623 | 15.1 (1.3) | 14.7 (1.3) | 15.2 (1.1) | 14.7 (1.4) | 14.0 (1.0) | 16.2 (1.3) | 14.5 (1.3) | 14.1 (1.2) | 16.3 (1.3) | |||
| Missing | 1207 | 20.4 (1.4) | 20.8 (1.7) | 23.2 (1.4) | 25.3 (1.8) | 22.5 (1.6) | 16.2 (1.4) | 28.4 (1.8) | 21.2 (1.6) | 14.4 (1.5) | |||
| Smoke, % (SE) | |||||||||||||
| Never smoker | 2554 | 51.4 (1.5) | 49.7 (1.4) | 46.1 (1.6) | 0.06 | 49.2 (1.4) | 49.0 (1.4) | 49.6 (1.5) | 0.72 | 48.7 (1.5) | 49.1 (1.5) | 49.9 (1.5) | 0.21 |
| Ever smoker | 1696 | 30.7 (1.4) | 31.3 (1.5) | 31.2 (1.5) | 30.3 (1.3) | 30.9 (1.4) | 31.9 (1.4) | 30.0 (1.4) | 30.9 (1.3) | 32.4 (1.4) | |||
| Current smoker | 1053 | 17.9 (1.0) | 19.0 (1.5) | 22.7 (1.4) | 20.5 (1.3) | 20.1 (1.2) | 18.5 (1.0) | 21.5 (1.4) | 20.2 (1.2) | 17.7 (1.2) | |||
| Physical activity, % (SE) | |||||||||||||
| Below | 2531 | 41.8 (1.6) | 38.7 (1.2) | 43.3 (1.7) | 0.23 | 39.3 (1.7) | 43.0 (1.5) | 41.4 (1.5) | 0.44 | 41.2 (1.6) | 41.0 (1.8) | 41.5 (1.5) | 0.75 |
| Meet | 690 | 14.0 (1.0) | 15.8 (1.1) | 14.0 (1.1) | 14.2 (1.2) | 14.8 (1.0) | 14.7 (1.3) | 13.5 (1.2) | 15.7 (1.2) | 14.6 (1.3) | |||
| Exceed | 2082 | 44.2 (1.6) | 45.6 (1.3) | 42.8 (1.7) | 46.4 (1.6) | 42.2 (1.5) | 43.9 (1.7) | 45.3 (1.6) | 43.4 (1.7) | 43.9 (1.7) | |||
| BMI, % (SE) | |||||||||||||
| <25 kg/m2 | 1366 | 33.0 (1.9) | 28.9 (1.4) | 22.8 (1.3) | <0.0001 | 35.9 (1.6) | 27.8 (1.9) | 21.2 (1.3) | <0.0001 | 35.4 (1.7) | 28.8 (1.7) | 20.7 (1.3) | <0.0001 |
| 25–29.9 kg/m2 | 1899 | 34.3 (1.4) | 34.5 (1.6) | 34.3 (1.4) | 35.1 (1.4) | 33.2 (1.4) | 34.8 (1.4) | 35.4 (1.2) | 33.1 (1.5) | 34.5 (1.4) | |||
| ≥30 kg/m2 | 1934 | 31.4 (1.4) | 35.9 (1.6) | 41.2 (1.5) | 28.0 (1.4) | 37.2 (1.4) | 42.4 (1.6) | 28.1 (1.6) | 36.3 (1.3) | 43.1 (1.7) | |||
| Missing | 104 | 1.3 (0.4) | 1.5 (0.4) | 1.8 (0.4) | 1.1 (0.3) | 1.9 (0.4) | 1.7 (0.4) | 1.1 (0.3) | 1.9 (0.4) | 1.7 (0.4) | |||
| HEI2010 score, mean ± SE | 51.9±0.5 | 50.1±0.4 | 48.5±0.5 | <0.0001 | 52.6±0.6 | 49.6±0.5 | 48.5±0.5 | <0.0001 | 52.0±0.6 | 49.9±0.5 | 48.8±0.5 | <0.0001 | |
| Total energy intake, kcal/d, mean ± SE | 2043.2±27.8 | 2047.5±31.3 | 2141.2±37.0 | 0.04 | 1937.9±29.7 | 2129.1±31.5 | 2145.8±34.1 | <0.0001 | 1940.7±30.5 | 2114.9±31.3 | 2149.0±35.4 | <0.0001 | |