Table 1 A & B:
Participant characteristics for (A) discovery and control cohorts, (B) validation cohort
| (a) Discovery and Control Cohorts | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alzheimer’s Disease Participants (AD) Measures - Mean (SD) or no. (%) |
Cognitively Normal Participants (CN) |
Group Comparison# |
||||
| Df | t or χ2 test statistic | Cohen’s d or ϕ Coefficient |
p (uncorrected) | |||
| Demographic Measures | ||||||
| Total Number | 22 | 26 | - | - | - | |
| Females (%) | 13 (59.1) | 12 (46.2) | - | 0.37 | −0.13 | 0.546 |
| Right-hand-dominants (%)* | 18 (81.8) | 26 (100) | - | 1.94 | −0.29 | 0.164 |
| Age | 69.64 (7.36) | 61.92 (8.97) | 45.97 | −3.27 | −0.93 | 0.002 |
| Years of Education | 16.59 (3.72) | 15.81 (2.42) | 34.91 | −0.85 | −0.25 | 0.403 |
| GDS† | 2.36 (2.3) | 0.5 (0.91) | 26.49 | −3.57 | −1.10 | 0.001 |
| ADL‡ | 69.91 (6.77) | 75.81 (2.87) | 27.35 | 3.81 | 1.17 | 0.001 |
| Genotypic Measures | ||||||
| ApoE- ε4 ≥ 1 (%)* | 11 (91.7) | 4 (20.0) | - | 12.72 | 0.70 | 3.61E-04 |
| Neuropsychological testing Measures | ||||||
| ADAS-Cog§ | 23.27 (10.49) | 3.92 (1.82) | 24.49 | 14.27 | −2.68 | 2.29E-13 |
| MMSE¶ | 21.77 (2.43) | 29.46 (0.76) | 22.07 | −8.54 | 4.43 | 1.90E-08 |
| Composite Memory Score (CMS) (Z-values) | −2.03 (0.87) | 0.48 (0.60) | 36.36 | 11.41 | 3.41 | 1.41E-13 |
| Composite Strategic Thinking Score (CSCS) (Z-values)* | −2.13 (1.00) | 0.55 (0.70) | 36.72 | 10.55 | 3.15 | 1.14E-12 |
| Neuroanatomical Measures | ||||||
| Scalp-to-cortex Distance (SCD) (mm) | 16.12 (2.25) | 16.12 (3.06) | 45.21 | −0.005 | −0.001 | 0.996 |
| Cortical Thickness (CT) - Left | 2.25 (0.14) | 2.39 (0.10) | 36.51 | 3.90 | 1.17 | < 0.001 |
| Motor Cortex ROI (mm)* | ||||||
| TMS Measures | ||||||
| Resting Motor Threshold (RMT) -Monophasic (% MSO) | 60.77 (14.70) | 64.42 (14.21) | 44.15 | 0.87 | 0.25 | 0.389 |
| Cognitive Enhancing Medications in AD Discovery Cohort (n = 21) (%) | ||||||
| Donepezil | 6 (28.57) | - | - | - | - | - |
| Rivastigmine | 1 (4.76) | - | - | - | - | - |
| Donepezil & Memantine | 9 (42.86) | - | - | - | - | |
| Rivastigmine & Memantine | 2 (9.52) | - | - | - | - | - |
| No medications | 3 (14.29) | - | - | - | - | - |
| b) Validation Cohort | ||||||
| Measures - Mean (SD) or no. (%) | Alzheimer’s Disease Participants | |||||
| Total Number | 129 | |||||
| Females (%) | 59 (45.74) | |||||
| Age (yrs) | 76.77 (6.89) | |||||
| Cognitive enhancing medication (%) | 103 (79.84) | |||||
| ADAS-Cog§ | 23.83 (5.44) | |||||
| MMSE¶ | 21.55 (2.47) | |||||
| Resting Motor Threshold (RMT) - Biphasic (%MSO) | 75.12 (12.93) | |||||
A&B: Demographic and experimental measures for the (a) Discovery and Control Cohorts and (b) Validation Cohort. All the measures are presented as mean (SD) or absolute number (%).
Missing data: 1 AD participant for right-hand dominants; 10 AD and 6 CN participants for ApoE- ε4; 1 CN participant Cortical Thickness (CT) - Left Motor Cortex ROI; For CSTS (Z-scores) – 1 AD participant for TMT-A, 6 AD participants for TMT-B, 1 AD participant for DSST, 1 AD participant for medication.
Geriatric Depression Scale
Activities of Daily Living
Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale - Cognitive Subscale
Mini-Mental State Examination
For the Discovery and Control cohorts (1a), the AD and CN groups were compared using a chi-squared test for categorical variables and Welch’s t-test for numerical variables.