TABLE 1.

Review of Tissue Engineering Methods to Alter the Degradation Kinetics of β-TCP

Year	Author	Species	Anatomic Location	Construct/Method	Experimental Model	Degradation Analysis
2002	Dong et al	7-wk-old Fisher rats	Back	β-TCP scaffolds seeded with BMSCs either cultured in osteogenic medium or incubated in nonosteogenic medium	Implantation of multiple blocks into separate subcutaneous pouches	On histology at 24 wk, control scaffolds resorbed slower than experimental scaffolds because of decreased bone formation and increased exposure to resorptive soft tissue.
2007	Yuan et al	18-mo-old mongrel dogs	Mandible	β-TCP scaffolds seeded with osteogenically induced BMSCs	30-mm segmental defect fixed with titanium plate and filled with scaffold	On plain radiograph and histology at 32 wk, scaffold almost completely degraded.
2010	Wang et al	12-wk-old New Zealand rabbits	Femur	β-TCP scaffolds seeded with osteogenically differentiated BMSCs and prevascularized with insertion of femoral vascular bundle into the side groove of scaffold	15-mm segmental defect fixed with titanium plate and filled with scaffold	On histology at 12 wk, most of the prevascularized scaffold degraded faster than non-prevascularized scaffold.
2013	Zhou et al	1- to 2-y-old beagle dogs	Medial orbital wall	β-TCP scaffolds seeded with osteogenically induced BMSCs	10-mm-diameter round full-thickness defect filled with scaffold	On micro-CT and histology, induced scaffolds degraded faster than both noninduced and unseeded scaffolds. BMD measurements of the experimental group were similar to those of normal bone at 3 mo.
2014	Shimizu et al	10-wk-old Sprague-Dawley rats	Cranium	β-TCP scaffolds coated in bFGF-containing gelatin hydrogel	Bilateral 4-mm-diameter full-thickness defects filled with scaffold	On CT and histology at 4 wk, bFGF-coated scaffolds degraded faster than noncoated scaffolds.
2016	Tee et al	4-mo-old domestic pigs	Mandible	β-TCP scaffolds seeded with BMSCs and integrated with PLGA microspheres containing BMP-2	Bilateral 3.5-mm segmental defect sealed by either fibrin sealant or fibrin sealant with barrier membrane	On volumetric analysis and histology at 12 wk, β-TCP degradation decreased when integrated with BMSC and growth factor or with barrier containment.
2019	Han et al	Sprague-Dawley rats	Fibula	β-TCP microsphere-hyaluronic acid powder gel composite loaded with rhBMP-2	5-mm segmental defect filled with composite	On histology at 9 wk, fewer loaded composite remnants were noted compared with unloaded composite remnants.
2019	Kazemi et al	5- to 6-mo-old New Zealand white rabbits	Calvaria	Strontium substituted β-TCP and bioactive glass (50/50) scaffolds seeded with BMSCs	8-mm-diameter full-thickness defect filled with scaffold	On CT and histology at 5 mo, almost all the cell-loaded scaffold was degraded, whereas bone growth and degradation were seemingly halted within the cell-free scaffold because of fibrous connective tissue surrounding the slow-degrading glass material.
2019	Tao et al	3-mo-old Sprague-Dawley rats	Femur	β-TCP/collagen composite	5-mm segmental defect in ovariectomized rats filled with composite and locally administered with PTH	On histology at 8 wk, the PTH-administered group showed decreased remaining biomaterial compared with the composite-only group.

bFGF, basic fibroblast growth factor; PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid); PTH, parathyroid hormone; rhBMP-2, recombinant human-bone morphogenetic protein-2.