Fig. 1. Behavioural paradigm and gut microbiome composition of individual bees.

a Foraging arena setup with artificial flowers used for 10-Colour Learning. b Training procedures. Grey squares: transparent chips. Coloured squares: coloured chips (Supplementary Fig. 1a and the authors’ published work⁹). c The relative abundance of gut bacterial phylotypes in individual bees from the Learning group (n = 15) and Memory group (n = 14). Each column represents an individual bee. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.