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. 2021 Aug 2;47(1):225–246. doi: 10.1038/s41386-021-01101-7

Fig. 4. Functional and structural findings implicating the perigenual anterior cingulate cortex (and other mPFC regions) in major depressive disorder (MDD).

Fig. 4

a Individuals with current MDD and at-risk individuals (unaffected first-degree relatives) showed abnormal coupling involving the pgACC (see “p32”; decreased coupling with posterior cingulate), dmPFC (see “BA9”; decreased coupling with ventral intraparietal sulcus), and dACC (see “d32”; increased coupling with the occipital cortex) [73]. b pgACC region showing a positive correlation between cortical thickness change and improvement in depression symptoms with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left dlPFC [90]. c pgACC region in which pre- to post-treatment changes in gray matter volume correlated with antidepressant response to transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left dlPFC [91]. d pgACC region showing higher activation to masked sad faces in MDD than healthy controls [169]. e Greater activation in the pgACC (and other mPFC regions) in response to a sad mood manipulation predicted relapse among fully remitted individuals 18 months later [155]. f Increased functional connectivity between the sgACC/pgACC and the amygdala during an implicit emotional processing task in individuals with increased MDD vulnerability [189]. g Increased pgACC activation 80 ms after committing a mistake in a speeded reaction time task in MDD vs. healthy controls [242]; and h Decreased left dlPFC activation 472 ms after committing a mistake in MDD vs. healthy controls [242]. Adapted with permission from publishers.