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. 2021 Nov 25;12:6852. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-26952-y

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Inside the nucleus, genes compete for free RNAPs to bind to their promoters and for simplicity we only show two genes in this schematic. The binding probability of free RNAPs to the promoters depends on the free RNAP concentration and the recruitment abilities of the promoters. In the cytoplasm, mRNAs compete for free ribosomes to bind to their ribosome binding sites and the binding probability depends on the free ribosome concentrations and the recruitment abilities of the mRNAs to ribosomes. The cell volume V, which includes the cytoplasmic volume (V_c) and nuclear volume (V_n), is proportional to the total protein mass M. The ratio between the nuclear volume and cell volume is constant.