Fig. 1.

Cyld^−/− mice display autism-like phenotypes including an impairment of social communication, increased repetitive behavior, and cognitive dysfunction. (A and B) Vocalization analysis of the number of calls emitted in the presence of a female mouse and latency to first call. (C) Social index of social interaction analysis in the three-chamber test. (D and E) Repetitive behavior assessment with both marble burying test and time of grooming. (F) Analysis of the exploratory behavior with the time of the first and the second exposure to the same object. For experiments in A and B, n = 8 for Cyld^+/+ controls (11 excluded, no vocalization) and n = 10 for Cyld^−/− (five excluded, no vocalization); for experiments in C through F, n = 19 for Cyld^+/+ controls and n = 15 for Cyld^−/−. All n values used for statistics refer to the number of mice used after identification of possible outliers with Grubbs' method. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, and ****P < 0.001 calculated by unpaired nonparametric Mann–Whitney U test. Graphs are mean ± SEM.