Fig. 1.

Experimental protocol. The figure must be read left to right, following the time line. (A) The actions executed by participants during the motor task (Top, A-Low; Middle, A-High; and Bottom, L-Low). (B) Example of wrist trajectories (solid lines) acquired during the execution of the three movements in their anatomical reference planes during the preimmobilization phase. The dashed lines connect shoulder (s), elbow (e), and wrist (w) joint centers captured at the beginning of the reaching motion, at maximum elbow flexion, and at the end of the reaching motion. (C) The immobilization period (orange bar) and VR sessions (blue diamonds) based on actions or natural scenarios for the AOT and CTRL groups, respectively. (D) Postimmobilization kinematics (wrist trajectories and joint center positions) for the same subjects shown in B depicted alongside the preimmobilization trajectory (gray lines). Note the lower postimmobilization elbow flexion, leading to a less ballistic wrist trajectory.