Skip to main content
. 2021 Nov 18;13(11):1951. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111951

Table 6.

Codelivery of photosensitizers and scintillators/radionuclides based on nanocarriers.

Nanoparticle Photosensitizers Scintillators/Radionuclides Tumor Data Sources Findings Ref
Hollow mesoporous silica NPs (HMSNs) Chlorin e6 (Ce6) Zirconium-89 (89Zr) 4T1 In vitro, Animals

  • 89Zr activated Ce6 in the codelivery system and inhibited tumor growth.

  • It did not rely on external light source and instead used internal radiation to achieve deep tumor treatment.

 [194] 2016
Dextran modified TiO2 NPs (D-TiO2 NPs) TiO2 Gallium-68 (Ga-68) 4T1 In vitro, Animals

  • The Cerenkov productivity of GA-68 was 30 times that of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose.

  • Ga-68 is an effective radionuclide for PDT, which can enhance DNA damage of tumor cells by codelivery.

 [195] 2018
Magetic NPs with 89Zr radiolabeling and porphyrin molecules surface modification (89Zr-MNPs/TCPP) Meso-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (TCPP) Zirconium-89 (89Zr) 4T1 In vitro, Animals

  • Under an external magnetic field, the NPs were highly concentrated in the tumor.

  • Multimodal imaging of fluorescence, Cerenkov luminescence and Cerenkov resonance energy transfer could be implemented to detect the treatment process.

 [196] 2018
Titanocene-modified, transferrin-coated TiO2 NPs (TiO2-Tf-Tc) TiO2 Radiolabeled 2′-deoxy-2′-(18F)fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) HT1080 In vitro, Animals

  • Low radiation induced radionuclide Cerenkov luminescence and activation of oxygen-independent photosensitizer TiO2, overcoming the limitation of the tumor hypoxia environment.

  • Selectively destroyed a large number of tumor cells and induced lymphocyte infiltration.

 [192] 2015
Folic acid-poly(lactide-co-glycolide) polymeric nanoparticles-verteporfin (VP), (FA-PLGA-VP NPs) Verteporfin (VP) Verteporfin (VP) HCT116 In vitro

  • The NPs effectively killed HCT116 cells in the presence 6 MeV X-ray radiation.

  • The 6 MeV X-ray radiation from LINAC produced energetic secondary electrons and Cerenkov radiation in the samples, which in turn excited the VP molecules.

 [197] 2018
131I-labeled zinc tetra(4-carboxyphenoxy) phthalocyaninate conjugated
Cr3+-doped zinc gallate NPs (131I-ZGCs-ZnPcC4)		 Zinc tetra(4-carboxyphenoxy) phthalocyaninate (ZnPcC4) Cr3+-doped zinc gallate (ZnGa2O4:Cr3+) 4T1 In vitro, Animals

  • 131I could not only achieve long-term activation of PDT through Cerenkov luminescence and ionizing radiation but also directly kill tumor cells.

 [193] 2021
LiLuF4:Ce@SiO2@Ag3PO4@cisplatin prodrug (Pt(IV)) NPs (LAPNP NPs) Ag3PO4 LiLuF4:Ce HeLa In vitro, Animals

  • Pt(IV) acted as a sacrificial electrical receptor to enhance the yield of hydroxyl radicals by increasing the separation of electrons and holes in the photosensitizer.

  • Pt(IV) generated cisplatin after receiving electrons, further enhancing the damage to tumor cells.

 [198] 2018
NaGdF4:Tb,Ce@NaGdF4 core/shell structure NPs Rose Bengal (RB) NaGdF4:Tb,Ce PC3 In vitro, Animals

  • The combination of X-ray guided photodynamic therapy and anaerobic oncolytic bacteria killed hypoxic and aerobic tumor tissue.

 [199] 2020