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. 2021 Nov 18;13(11):1951. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111951

Table 8.

Codelivery of multidrugs based on nanocarriers.

Nanoparticle Type of Combination Therapy Tumor Data Sources Findings Ref
Human serum albumin-paclitaxel-sinoporphyrin sodium nanotheranostics (HAS-PTX-DVDMS) Photodynamic therapy/Chemotherapy/Sonodynamic therapy 4T1 In vitro, Animals

  • As a cosolvent, HAS improved the water solubility of the photosensitizer and dispersed it sufficiently to reduce the aggregation quenching effect.

  • It could be used as fluorescent probe, with stronger fluorescence imaging ability and 1O2 generation ability than that of DVDMS alone.

  • The addition of ultrasound increased the tumor cell mortality rate from 70% to 90%, and the effect of triple therapy was superior.

 [222] 2020
ZrO2-coated, doxorubicin hydrochloride-, chlorin e6- and tetradecanol-loaded upconversion NPs (UCNPs@ZrO2-Ce6/DOX/PCM) Photodynamic therapy/Chemotherapy/Hyperthermia U14 In vitro, Animals

  • It could be used to realize multimodal imaging guidance (MRI, CT and UCL) in conjunction with tumor therapy.

  • Under near-infrared light, the heat generated by UCNPs helped to kill cancer cells and dissolve PCM, triggering the release of drugs and the production of ROS, resulting in an effective integration of photothermal/photodynamic therapy with chemotherapy.

 [223] 2017
Iron-dependent artesunate-loaded, transferrin-modified, hollow mesoporous CuS NPs (AS/Tf-HMCuS NPs) Photodynamic therapy/Photothermal therapy/Chemotherapy MCF-7 In vitro, Animals

  • TF-mediated endocytosis enhanced accumulation and retention in tumor cells.

  • Effective near-infrared light was converted to heat while producing high levels of ROS for PDT.

 [224] 2017
1-Tetradecanol-, doxorubicin- and chlorin e6-loaded hollow mesoporous copper sulfide NPs (H-CuS@PCM/DOX/Ce6 (HPDC) NPs) Photodynamic therapy/Photothermal therapy/Chemotherapy 4T1 In vitro, Animals

  • Under near-infrared laser radiation, the NPs produced a strong photothermal effect, which induced controlled release of DOX and Ce6.

  • The NPs presented low systemic toxicity and good blood compatibility and were able to eradicate breast cancer in 4T1 mice.

 [225] 2019
(Enaminitrile molecule gel encapsulating doxorubicin core/Mesoporous silica-coated, CuS-loaded, lanthanide ion-doped upconversion shell) NPs wrapped with a cancer cell membrane Photodynamic therapy/Photothermal therapy/Chemotherapy MCF-7, 4T1 In vitro, Animals

  • Wrapping NPs in cancer cell membranes imparted unique advantages such as immune escape and homologous binding ability.

  • Through the transformation of near-infrared energy into ultraviolet light from the UCNP nucleus, enaminitrile molecule phase transition was stimulated to generate ROS for PDT, thus avoiding the limited penetration of ultraviolet light to tissues.

 [226] 2021
(Upconversion core/chlorin e6, doxorubicin hydrochloride coloaded mesoporous silica shell) NPs conjugated with polyethylene glycol-modified graphene (DOX-UMCG) Photodynamic therapy/Photothermal therapy/Chemotherapy HeLa In vitro, Animals

  • Only low-intensity near-infrared light was required to produce a domino effect, avoiding the phototoxicity of high-intensity exposure to nearby healthy cells.

  • Synergistic Chemo/PTT/PDT anticancer effect with low systemic toxicity.

 [227] 2020
Thiol-terminated monomethoxyl poly(ethylene glycol) and mercaptoropionylhydrazide-modified gold nanorods covalently conjugated with 5-aminolevulinic acid and doxorubicin (GNRs-MPH-ALA/DOX-PEG) Photodynamic therapy/Photothermal therapy/Chemotherapy MCF-7 In vitro, Animals

  • Combined CT/PDT/PTT therapy killed McF-7 cells more effectively, with superadditive antitumor effects and no obvious systemic toxicity.

  • The circulating half-life of GNRs-MPH-ALA/DOX-PEG in blood was approximately 52 min, and the tumor aggregation rate was 3.3%.

 [228] 2018
Folic acid-functionalized, paclitaxel-loaded MgAl layered double hydroxide gated mesoporous silica NPs (MT@L-PTX@FA) Photodynamic therapy/Photothermal therapy/Chemotherapy HepG2 In vitro

  • Under near-infrared irradiation, the NPs effectively converted photon energy into ROS and heat, enhancing toxicity to tumor cells.

  • It presented obvious slow-release characteristics and was sensitive to pH. It could dissolve MgAl LDHs into Mg2+ and Al3+ under the low pH of the tumor site, selectively releasing PTX for chemotherapy.

 [229] 2019
Folic acid-CuS/docetaxel@polyethylenimine-protoporphyrin IX-CPG (FA-CuS/DTX@PEI-PpIXCpG) Photodynamic therapy/Photothermal therapy/Chemotherapy/Immunotherapy 4T1 In vitro, Animals

  • FA-CD@PP-CpG medium and low-dose DTX promoted CTL infiltration, improved the efficacy of anti-PD-L1 antibody (APD-L1), inhibited MDSCs, and effectively polarized MDSCs to the M1 phenotype.

 [220] 2019