Table 1.

Potential miRNA-based biomarkers for heart disease.

CMP	Associated miRNA	Evidence	Ref.
Ischemic Heart Disease	miR-133; miR-499; miR-1; miR-208 (all blood)	Comparable performance in ACS to troponin; potential benefit of multi-miRNA panel; advantageous kinetics (remain stable in circulation >24 h)	[8]
HCM	miR-29a/c (blood); (miR-373; miR-371-3p, miR-34b; miR-452)-Cluster (myocardium)	Preliminary, small studies; identify fibrosis, identify HOCM phenotype	[9,10]
Amyloidosis	miR-339-3p; miR-150-5p (blood)	Exploratory, small studies; identify ATTRwt; identify symptomatic ATTRm	[11,12]
Sarcoidosis	miR-7-1-3p, miR-32-3p, miR-211-5p; miR-126 and miR-223 (all blood)	Small study, identified miRNAs associated with multiple cardiovascular mechanisms (marker of myocardial cell death) or immunological function	[13,14]
ARVC	miR-21-5p and miR-135b (myocardium); miR-144-3p, miR-145-5p, miR-185-5p, miR-494 (blood); miR-122-5p, miR-133a-3p, miR-133b, miR-142-3p, miR-182-5p, and miR-183-5p (blood and myocardium)	Linked miRNA regulatory function to Wnt pathway, mechanistic insights. miRNA-signatures with reportedly excellent discriminatory powers to distinguish between ARVC and controls	[15,16,17,18]
Myocarditis	Various miRNA- clusters for immune regulation, apoptosis, cardiomyocyte specific miRNAs (necrosis), fibrosis; leukocyte derived miRNAs (miR-Chr8:96) (blood)	miRNA clusters established that regulate immune response, leucocyte activation. MyomiRs released in circulation as markers of cardiomyocyte cell death	[19]
Stress CMP	miR-16, miR-26a (blood)	Mechanistic data on miR-16 and miR-26a mediated catecholaminergic stress CMP; promising biomarkers, potential therapeutic approach (miR-16/26a inhibitors for cardiogenic shock caused by stress CMP?)	[20,21]