Table 2.
Dietary sources, polyphenols, and cholesterol-lowering activities in animal models.
| Dietary Sources | Polyphenols Components | Treatment | Effect | p-Value (vs. Model) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White tea (Camellia sinensis) | - | 0.5% aqueous extracts of white tea to diabetes rats for 4 weeks | Decreases in plasma LDL-C | p < 0.05 | [82] |
| Green tea (Camellia sinensis) | Epigallocatechin gallate, epicatechin, epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin, gallocatechin gallate, and catechin | 0.2% green tea extract was given to atherogenic-diet-fed to SD rats for 4 weeks |
Decreases in plasma LDL-C by 40% | p < 0.05 | [83] |
| Fuzhuan brick tea (Camellia sinensis) | Catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin, gallocatechin gallate, epigallocatechin gallate, epicatechin, gallate, rutin, gallic acid, and chlorogenic acid | 75 mg/kg, 300 mg Fuzhuan brick tea water extract/kg bw were given to obese rats for 40 days | Reduction in plasma LDL-C by 38% | p < 0.05 | [84] |
| Kombucha (Camellia sinensis) | - | Kombucha (5 mL/kg bw) was given to hypercholesterolemic-diet-fed rats per day for 16 weeks | Decreases in plasma LDL-C by 36% | p < 0.05 | [85] |
| Youcha (Camellia sinensis) | - | 1500 mg/kg·bw Youcha were respectively given to hyperlipidemia rats for 32 days | Decreases in plasma LDL-C by 24% | p > 0.05 | [86] |
| Sanglan tea (Camellia sinensis) | 15 kinds of flavonoids such as quercetin and kaempferol | Sanglan tea (200 mg/kg bw, respectively) was given to obese mice for 28 weeks | Reduction in plasma LDL-C | p < 0.05 | [87] |
| Oil tea (Camellia sinensis) | - | 4 g/kg bw oil tea was given to type 2 diabetic mice | Lowers plasma LDL-C | p < 0.05 | [88] |
| Bowl tea (Camellia sinensis) | Gallic acid, epigallocatechin, catechin, L-epicatechin, epigallocatechin gallate, gallocatechin gallate, and epicatechin gallate | Bowl tea (50 mg/kg bw) was given to high-fat-diet-fed mice for 12 weeks | Decreases in plasma LDL-C by 24% | p < 0.05 | [89] |
| Persimmon (Diospyros kaki) wine and Grape (Vitis vinifera) wine | Persimmon wine: epicatechin, epigallocatechin-gallate; Grape wine: catechin, epicatechin, epicatechin-3-O-gallate, and epigallocatechin-gallate |
Wine (7.4 ml/kg bw) to atherogenic-diet-fed hamsters for 12 weeks | Decreases in plasma LDL-C levels by 38% | p < 0.05 | [75] |
| Yellow wine (Oryza sativa L.) | - | Yellow wine polyphenolic compounds (30 mg/kg bw) were given to LDL receptor knockout mice per day for 14 weeks | Decreases in plasma LDL-C by 41% | p < 0.05 | [90] |
| Mulberry (Morus alba L.) | Gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, 3-caffeoylquinic acid, chlorogenic acid, 4-caffeoyl quinic acid, caffeic acid, rutin, and quercetin-3-O-glucoside | 0.5%, 1%, and 2% mulberry water extracts were given to high-fat-diet-fed hamsters for 12 weeks | Lowers plasma LDL-C | p < 0.05 | [91] |
| Raspberry (Rubus idaeus) juice | Anthocyanins, ellagitannins, and ellagic acid-like compounds | Equivalent to a consumption of 275 mL/day by a 70 kg human to hypercholesterolemic golden Syrian hamsters for 12 weeks | Decreases in plasma LDL-C by 41% | p < 0.05 | [92] |
| Bilberry (Vaccinuim myrtillus) | Anthocyanins, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, and chlorogenic acid | 5 g bilberry powder orally given to Zucker diabetic fatty rats for 8 weeks | Ameliorates LDL-C level by 60% | p < 0.05 | [8] |
| Berry (Lonicera caerulea L. var. edulis) | Cyanidin-3-glucoside, catechin, and chlorogenic acid | Lonicera caerulea berry extract (300 mg/kg bw) was given to high-fat-diet-fed rats for 12 weeks | Decreases in plasma LDL-C by 48% | p < 0.05 | [93] |
| White bayberry (Morella rubra Sieb. et Zucc.) | Epigallocatechin gallate, epigallocatechin, myricetin-3-O-α-l-rhamnoside, quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside, and kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside | 200 mg/kg bw white bayberry fruit extracts were given to diabetic KK-Ay mice for 5 weeks |
Ameliorates plasma LDL-C by 58% | p < 0.05 | [94] |
| Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) | - | 5% of lyophilized kiwifruits were given to atherogenic-diet-fed rats for 33 days | Decreases in plasma LDL-C by 41% | p < 0.05 | [95] |
| Tamarindus indica | - | 500 mg Tamarindus indica fruit pulp extract/kg bw to high-cholesterol-diet-fed hamsters for 10 weeks | Lowers plasma LDL-C by 60% | p < 0.05 | [96] |
| Apple (Malus ssp.) | - | Apple polyphenols (100 mg/kg bw) were given to apolipoprotein-E deficient (ApoE-/-) mice for 12 weeks | Decreases in plasma LDL-C | p < 0.05 | [97] |
| Apple (Malus) juice | Cloudy apple juice: emodin, kaempferol, cyanidin cation, stevioside, and butylated hydroxytoluene |
Cloudy apple juice (15 ml/kg bw) was given to diabetic rats for 21 days | Decreases in plasma LDL-C by 74% | p < 0.05 | [98] |
| Hawthorn (Crataegus oxyacantha) | Chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, rutin, and hyperoside | 400 mg/kg bw extracts from hawthorn fruit peel and flesh were respectively given to high-fructose-diet-fed mice for 8 weeks | Reduction in plasma LDL-C by 39% | p < 0.05 | [99] |
| Ajwa date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) | - | Ajwa date extract (25 mg/kg bw) was given to hypercholestrolemic rats for 28 days | Ameliorates plasma LDL-C | p < 0.05 | [100] |
| Hibiscus sabdariffa | 18 phenolic compounds |
100 mg/kg bw Hibiscus sabdariffa polyphenolic extract to diabetic rats for 7 weeks | Reduction in plasma LDL/HDL ratio | p < 0.05 | [101] |
| Hibiscus sabdariffa | Protocatechuic acid, catechin, gallocatechins, caffeic acid, and gallocatechin gallates | 0.5% Hibiscus sabdariffa extract were given to obese hamsters for 10 weeks | Ameliorates plasma LDL-C | p < 0.05 | [102] |
| Propolis | Green propolis: artepellin c, pinocembrin, and kampferol; Red propolis: 3-Hydroxy-8,9-dimethoxypterocarpan, medicarpin, and daidzein; Brown propolis: pinocembrin, caffeic acid phenyl ester, quercetin, and galangin |
Green, red, or brown propolis extract (250 mg/kg bw) to cholesterol-enriched-diet-fed LDLR knockout mice for 4 weeks | Reduces plasma non-HDL-C treated with the red propolis by 17% | p < 0.05 | [103] |
| Aloe vera | - | 1.25 g Aloe vera extracts/kg bw was given to type 2 diabetic rats for 28 days | Lowers plasma LDL-C | p > 0.05 | [104] |
| Adlay (Coix lachryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen Stapf) | Gallic acid and catechin | 40 mg total phenolics/kg bw to high-cholesterol-diet-fed rats for 28 days | Decreases in plasma LDL-C by 30% | p < 0.05 | [105] |
| Bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso et Poiteau) | - | 50 mg/kg bw bergamot polyphenolic formulation was given to high-fat-diet-fed mice for 16 weeks | Reduction in plasma LDL-C by 40% | p < 0.05 | [106] |
| Perilla. frutescens (L.) Britt. | - | Leaf extracts (250 mg/kg bw) were given to high-fat-diet-fed rats for 4 weeks | Lowers plasma LDL-C by 53% | p < 0.05 | [78] |
| Onion (Allium cepa L.) | Quercetin and isoquercitrin | Hyperlipidemic rats treated with onion extract at 4.5g/kg bw for 4 weeks | Ameliorates plasma LDL-C by 45% | p < 0.05 | [79] |
| Rhodomyrtus tomentosa fruit juice | - | 2 g/kg bw frozen fruit juice was given to high-fat-diet-fed rats for 75 days | Reduces plasma LDL-C | p < 0.05 | [107] |
| Astragalus radix | - | 25 mg Astragalus radix total flavones/kg bw was given to diabetic mice for 8 weeks | Lowers plasma LDL-C | p < 0.05 | [108] |
| Turmeric (Curcuma longa) | - | 2.0% turmeric powder was given to high-fat-diet-fed mice for 8 weeks | Lowers plasma LDL-C | p < 0.05 | [109] |
| Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi | Gallic acid, catechin, naringenin, and kaempferol | 50 mg Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi extract/kg bw to high-cholesterol-diet-fed rats for 9 weeks | Ameliorates plasma LDL-C by 41% | p < 0.05 | [110] |