Table 3.
Dietary sources, polyphenols, and cholesterol-lowering activities in clinical studies.
| Dietary Sources | Polyphenols Components | Treatment | Effect | p-Value | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Green tea (Camellia sinesis) | Epigallocatechin gallate, epicatechin, epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate, and gallocatechin gallate | Green tea capsules were given to healthy postmenopausal women for 2 months | Reduction in plasma LDL-C by 8% from baseline |
p < 0.05 (vs. placebo group) |
[76] |
| Green tea (Camellia sinesis) | Epigallocatechin gallate, epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin, epicatechin, and gallocatechin gallate | 1500 mg green tea extract was given to women with central obesity for 12 weeks | Decreases in plasma LDL-C by 10% from baseline |
p < 0.05 (vs. baseline) |
[111] |
| Green tea (Camellia sinesis) | Epigallocatechin 3-gallate, epigallocatechin, catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin gallate, and epicatechin-3-gallate | 1500 mg STA-2 (a pharmaceutical preparation of green tea polyphenols) daily was given to patients with chronic stable angina for 6 weeks |
Decreases in plasma LDL-C |
p < 0.05 (vs. placebo group) |
[112] |
| Green tea (Camellia sinesis) | Catechins and epigallocatechin-3-gallate | 400 mg of decaffeinated green tea extract daily was given to patients with type 2 diabetes mellitu for 12 weeks | Decreases in plasma LDL-C by 9% from baseline |
p > 0.05 (vs. placebo group) |
[113] |
| Goishi tea (Camellia sinesis) | - | 195 ml Goishi tea drink was given to hypercholesterolaemia individuals for 12 weeks | No changes in plasma LDL-C |
p > 0.05 (vs. placebo group) |
[114] |
| Red wine (Vitis vinifera L.) | Resveratrol | 2 capsules daily nonalcoholic red wine extract were given to nondiabetic humans for 8 weeks | Decreases in plasma LDL-C by 4% from baseline |
p < 0.05 (vs. baseline) |
[115] |
| Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa L.) juice | Cyanidin 3-galactoside, cyanidin 3-arabinoside, and cyanidin 3-xyloside | 200 mL chokeberry juice given to hypertensive subjects per day for 4 weeks | Reduction in plasma LDL-C by 7% from baseline |
p > 0.05 (vs. baseline) |
[9] |
| Aronia berry (Aronia melanocarpa) | Anthocyanins, hydroxycinnamic acids, and proanthocyanidins | 500 mg aronia extract per day was given to healthy adults for 12 weeks | Reduction in plasma LDL-C by 11% from baseline |
p < 0.05 (vs. placebo group) |
[116] |
| Blueberry (Vaccinium virgatum.) | - | 22 g freeze-dried blueberries daily were given to men with type 2 diabetes for 8 weeks | Decreases in plasma LDL-C by 25% from baseline |
p < 0.05 (vs. placebo group) |
[117] |
| Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) | Myricetin, quercetin, catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin, catechin gallate, and ellagic acid | 700 mg grape extract was given to healthy volunteers for 56 days | Reduces plasma LDL-C by 15% from baseline |
p < 0.05 (vs. placebo group) |
[118] |
| Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) | - | 500 g Condori red grapes daily were given to hypercholesterolemic humans for 8 weeks | Reduces plasma LDL-C with grapes treatment by 15% |
p < 0.01 (vs. baseline) |
[119] |
| Grapefruit (Vitis vinifera L.), bitter orange (Citrus aurantium Linné), and olive (Olea europaea) | Naringin, narirutin, rhoifolin, poncirin, apigenin, neohesperidin, neodiosmin, luteolin, and oleuropein | 1000 mg grapefruit, bitter orange, and olive leaf extracts were given to healthy subjects for 8 weeks | Reduces plasma LDL-C by 9% from baseline |
p < 0.05 (vs. placebo group) |
[120] |
| Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) | - | Overweight individuals were assigned to receive grape seed extract (300 mg/day) for 12 weeks | Reduces plasma LDL-C by 16% from baseline |
p < 0.05 (vs. placebo group) |
[80] |
| Olive (Olea europaea) | - | 250 mg/day olive extract was given to postmenopausal women for 12 months | Decreases in plasma LDL-C by 21% from baseline |
p < 0.05 (vs. placebo group) |
[121] |
| Olive (Olea europaea) | - | 400 g yogurt with 50 mg of encapsulated olive polyphenols was given to volunteers for 2 weeks | Ameliorates plasma LDL-C by 6% from baseline |
p < 0.05 (vs. baseline) |
[122] |
| Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) | Ellagic acid | 1000 mg pomegranate extract was given to obese individuals for 30 days | Reduction in plasma LDL-C by 10% from baseline |
p < 0.01 (vs. baseline) |
[123] |
| Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) juice | - | 200 mL/day pomegranate juice was given to type 2 diabetes patients for 6 weeks | Reduces plasma LDL-C by 10% from baseline |
p < 0.05 (vs. baseline) |
[124] |
| Cherry (Prunus avium) juice | - | 480 mL cherry juice drink daily to older adults for 12 weeks | Decreases in plasma LDL-C by 3% from baseline |
p < 0.05 (vs. placebo group) |
[125] |
| Tart cherry (Prunus cerasus) | Cyanidin sophoroside, cyanidin glucosylrutinoside, cyanidin-glucoside, cyanidin xylosylrutinoside, cyanidin rutinoside, and peonidin rutinoside | 240 mL of tart cherry juice twice daily was given to adults with metabolic syndrome for 12 weeks | Reduction in plasma LDL-C by 15% from baseline |
p > 0.05 (vs. baseline) |
[77] |
| Ecklonia cava | Dieckol, 8,8′-bieckol, 6,6′-bieckol, and phlorofurofucoeckol A | 72 mg Ecklonia cava polyphenols per day to overweight Korean individuals for 12 weeks |
Ameliorates plasma LDL-C by 10% from baseline |
p < 0.05 (vs. placebo group) |
[126] |
p < 0.05 considered to be statistically significant.