Table 5.

Effect of other polyphenols on LDL-C and their mechanism based on in vitro models.

Subclasses	Polyphenol	Study Type	Results	Mechanism	References
Phenolic acid	Ellagic acid	25 μM ellagic acid to HepG2 cells	Regulates cholesterol metabolism	Upregulates of LDLR, downregulates MTP mRNA and extracellular apoB levels	[229]
Flavonols	Kaempferol	The HepG2 cells were incubated for 24 h with kaempferol (100 μM)	Increases fluorescent-labeled LDL uptake (p < 0.05)	Stimulates the expression of LDLR through activating LDLR transcription factor Sp1	[230]
Flavones	Luteolin	Caco-2 cells were incubated with 100 μM luteolin	Inhibits cholesterol uptake in Caco-2 cells (p < 0.05)	Inhibits intestinal cholesterol absorption mediated by NPC1L1	[136]
Flavones	Rutin	Caco-2 cells were treated with 115.7 μM rutin; Rutin (17.85 μM) was used to measure HMGR activity inhibition	Lowers the amount of cholesterol in the intracellular compartment; Reduces HMGR activity by 50% (p < 0.05)	Inhibits the uptake of dietary cholesterol and the activity of HMGR	[240]
Flavanones	Hesperetin	HepG2 cells were exposed to hesperetin (100 μM)	Induces the activity of LDLR promoter (p < 0.05)	Induces the transcription of LDLR through SREBPs	[241]
Flavanones	Glucosyl hesperidin	HepG2 cells were treated with 0.8 mM and 1.2 mM glucosyl hesperidin	Reduces cellular cholesteryl ester content (p < 0.05)	Suppresses the secretion of apoB	[242]