Table 2.
Comparison of synthesis methods on the properties of carbon-based TiO2 nanocomposites and the removal efficiency of antibiotics.
| S. No. | Composite Material | Synthesis Method Used | BET Surface Area (m2/g) | Pore Volume (cc/g) | Targeted Antibiotic | Mechanism of Removal | Removal Efficiency | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | AC/TiO2 | Sol–gel | 129 | 0.30 | Tetracycline | Photocatalysis | ~97% | [102] |
| 2 | BC/Zn/TiO2 | Solvothermal | 435 | - | acetaminophen | Photocatalysis | 92% | [103] |
| 3 | BC-BiOCl | One step hydrolysis | 3,546 | 0.011 | Tetracycline | Photocatalysis | 60.3% | [104] |
| 4 | BC-TiO2 | Ultrasound promoted wet impregnation | 399 | - | Phenol | Photocatalysis | 64.1% (UV light) 55667733.6% (Visible light) |
[78] |
| 5 | Magnetic BC/TiO2 | Solvothermal | - | - | Sulfadiazine | Photocatalysis | ~88% | [105] |
| 6 | TiO2/rGO | Hydrothermal | 48.09 | - | Sulfamethoxazole | Photocatalysis | ~90% | [106] |
| 7 | rGO/TiO2/Na Alginate | Hydrothermal | - | - | Azithromycin | Photocatalysis | ~99% | [81] |
| 8 | Bi/Bi2O3/BC | Thermal method | 338.2 | 0.161 | Estrone | Photocatalysis | ~90% | [107] |
| 9 | BioBr/BC | Solvothermal | - | - | Ciprofloxacin | Photocatalysis | 96.8% | [108] |
| 10 | CuWO4/BC | Hydrothermal | 6.8104 | - | Ciprofloxacin | Photocatalysis | 97% | [109] |