Table 2.
Examples of regenerative therapy and tissue regeneration strategies using gelatin microparticles.
| Ref. | Date | Tissue Regenerated |
In Vitro (Cell Type)/In Vivo (Animal Type) |
Growth Factors Released | Main Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [49] | 2015 | Cardiac | In vitro (human cardiac cells derived from iPS cells)/In vivo (mouse) | - | The survival rate of stacked cell sheets was improved by incorporating gelatin microparticles between each cell sheet. |
| [50] | 2017 | Blood vessels | In vitro (human umbilical vein endothelial cells and human dermal fibroblast cells)/In vivo (mouse) | Platelet-rich plasm A(PRP) |
Gelatin microparticles containing PRP promoted the formation of capillaries and microvascular networks. |
| [51] | 2018 | Sternal | In vivo (rabbit) | PRP | PRP-gelatin microparticles injection showed a significantly higher indicator of sternal healing than only gelatin microparticles injection. |
| [52] | 2018 | Bone | In vitro (mouse mesenchymal stem cells and mouse macrophages) | Bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2) |
The gelatin microparticles were prepared to be preferentially degraded by pro-inflammatory macrophages, leading to the spatiotemporal BMP-2 release. The strategy enabled to achieve the efficient bone differentiation of stem cells. |
| [53] | 2018 | Cardiac | In vivo (rat) | Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) |
Gelatin microparticles capable of bFGF control release showed the improvement of cell sheets’ viability. |
| [54] | 2019 | Cartilage | In vitro (human periosteum derived cells) |
Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) |
TGF-β1 release from gelatin microparticles promotes the chondrogenic differentiation of human periosteum-derived cells. |
| [55] | 2019 | Bone | In vitro (rabbit mesenchymal stem cells)/In vivo (rabbit) |
BMP-2 | BMP-2 release system of gelatin microparticles is effective in bone regeneration of X-ray-radius defects. |
| [56] | 2021 | Cartilage and disk | In vitro (human stem cells)/In vivo (rat) | Matrilin3 and TGF-β3 | Chondrogenic differentiation was promoted when gelatin particles containing Matrilin-3 and TGF-β3 were incorporated into stem cell spheroids while preventing hypertrophy. |
| [57] | 2021 | Masseter muscle | In vitro (rat stem cells) |
bFGF and PRP | The combination of cell transplantation and the drug release system efficiently differentiated stem cells towards muscle lineage. |