Official websites use .gov
A
.gov website belongs to an official
government organization in the United States.
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock (
) or https:// means you've safely
connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive
information only on official, secure websites.
Schematic illustration of cation permeation into polymer residue and/or between graphene and SiO2 substrates. Graphene is initially p-doped by the effect of PMMA residue and SiO2 substrate. The diffusion of cations, which have n-doping effects to graphene, has a counter-effect on initial p-doping, resulting in CNP drifts.
