Table 5.

Summary of alginate lyases with cold-adapted properties.

Name	PL	Source	Substrate Preference	Action Mode	Optimal Temperature	Cold-Adapted Property	Km	Vmax	kcat	Main Products	Reference
AlyC3	PL7	Psychromonas sp. C-3 isolated from the Arctic brown alga Laminaria	polyM	Endolytic lyase	20 °C	Retained 48.2% of maximum activity at 1 °C; Unstable at 30 °Cand above	Km = 0.24 ± 0.05 mg/mL, polyM	Vmax = 19,704.73 ± 1865.49 U/mg for polyM	NA	ΔMM (Δ represents 4-deoxy-L-erythro-hex-4- enopyranosyluronic acid)	[47]
AlgSH7	PL7	Microbulbifer sp. SH-1	polyM	Endolytic lyase	40 °C	Retained 80% of the maximum activity over at 25 °C; Unstable at temperatures beyond 30 °C	NA	NA	NA	Disaccharides, tri-saccharides, and tetrasaccharides	[56]
TsAly6A	PL6	Thalassomonas sp. LD5	polyG	Endolytic lyase	35 °C	Retained 73.1% and 21.1% of the maximum activity at 20 °C and 10 °C; Retained over 90% of initial activity after incubation at 30 °C for 1 h, but only 29% remained at 40 °C	NA	NA	NA	Disaccharides and trisaccharides	[70]
Alys1	PL7	Tamlana sp. s12	polyM	Exolytic lyase	35 °C	Activity reduced at temperatures above 35 °C; Retained more than 50% of the maximum activity at 10 °C; No detectable activity at 60 °C	Km = 0.20 ± 0.01 mM for sodium alginate	NA	kcat = 4.43 ± 0.027 s−1 for sodium alginate	Monosaccharides, disaccharides, trisaccharides and some lower monomers	[78]
AlyS02	PL7	Flavobacterium sp. S02	bifunctional	Endolytic lyase	30 °C	Retained more than 70% of relative activity in the range of 20–40 °C (retained more than 90% of maximum activity at 25 °C); Activity reduced at temperatures above 40 °C	NA	NA	NA	Disaccharides and trisaccharides	[79]
AlgM4	PL7	Vibrio weizhoudaoensis M0101	bifunctional	Endolytic lyase	30 °C	Retained 92% of its initial activity after a 30 min incubation at 30 or 35 °C (in the presence of 1 mol/L NaCl); Decreased rapidly at temperatures exceeding 40 °C and decreased by 63% at 45 °C	Km = 2.72 mg/mL , for sodium alginate	Vmax = 2.75 nmol/s for sodium alginate	kcat = 30.25 S−1 for sodium alginate	Oligosaccharides with DP of 2–9	[61]
Alg2951	PL7	Alteromonas portus HB161718T	polyG	Endolytic and exolytic lyase	25 °C	Retained over 60% of the maximum activity at the temperature range of 15–40 °C; No detectable activity at 60 °C	NA	NA	NA	Monosaccharides and trisaccharides	[80]
AlyL1	PL7	Agarivorans sp. L11	bifunctional	Endolytic lyase	40 °C	Retained 54.5% and 72.1% of the maximum activity at 15 °C and 20 °C	NA	NA	NA	Disaccharides and trisaccharides	[81]
AlyPM	PL7	Pseudoalteromonas sp. SM0524	polyM	Endolytic lyase	30 °C	Retained 19% of the maximum activity at 5 °C; No detectable activity at 45 °C	Km = 3.15 mg/ml (in 0.5 M NaCl) for sodium alginate Km = 74.39 mg/ml (in 0 M NaCl) for sodium alginate	NA	NA	Oligosaccharides with DP of 2–3	[58]
Alyw201	PL7	Vibrio sp. W2	polyG	Endolytic lyase	30 °C	Retained more than 80% activity at 25–40 °C; Retained 72.9% and 38.4% of the highest activity at 10 °C and 20 °C	NA	NA	NA	Oligosaccharides with DP of 2–6	[77]
ZH0-IV	NA	Sphingomonas sp. ZH0	bifunctional	Exolytic lyase	37 °C	Retained more than 80% of activity after incubating in phosphate buffer with an optimum pH for 10 min between 25 and 42 °C	Km = 0.41 mg/ml for sodium alginate	Vmax = 5.53 U/ml for sodium alginate	NA	Monosaccharides	[82]
AlyGC	PL6	Glaciecola chathamensis S18K6T	polyG	Exolytic lyase	30 °C	Activity rapidly decreased above 30 °C; Retained relatively high activity between 10 and 30 °C	NA	NA	NA	Monosaccharides	[29]
AlgNJU-03	PL7	Vibrio sp. NJU-03	bifunctional	Endolytic lyase	30 °C	Retained approximately 40% activity after incubation at 40 °C for 30 min and was gradually inactivated as temperature increased	Km = 8.50, 10.94, 4.00 mM, respectively for sodium alginate, polyM and polyG	Vmax = 1.67, 0.30, 2.50 nmol/s, respectively for sodium alginate, polyM and polyG	kcat = 30.64, 5.50, 45.87 s−1, respectively for sodium alginate, polyM and polyG	Disaccharides, trisaccharides and tetrasaccharides	[83]
rA9mT	PL7	Vibrio sp. JAM-A9m	polyM	NA	30 °C	Relative activities at 10 °C and 2 °C were around 45% and 30% of the maximal activity; enzyme was rapidly inactivated after incubating at above 40 °C in the absence of NaCl.	NA	NA	NA	NA	[62]
TsAly7B	PL7	Thalassomonas sp. LD5	bifunctional	Endolytic lyase	30 °C	Retained approximately 60% of relative activity at 20 °C; Unstable at temperatures beyond 30 °C	NA	NA	NA	Disaccharides, trisaccharides, and tetrasaccharides	[84]