Table 1.

Overview of EU regulated mycotoxins and their adverse effects, adapted from [1,17].

Mycotoxin	Regulated Foodstuffs	Reported Toxicities
Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2 & M1	Cereals, grains and derived products, nuts, dried fruit, certain spices Milk and derived products, including infant formula (M1)	Hepatotoxic and carcinogenic in all species tested except mice Genotoxic: adducts formation in humans and animals
Ochratoxin A	Cereals, grains, dried vine fruit, Roasted coffee beans, ground roasted coffee, soluble coffee, wine, grape juice, certain spices	Nephrotoxic, teratogenic, immunosuppressant; rodent carcinogen
Patulin	Fruit juices, spirit drinks, solid apple products and apple juice, baby food	Causes damage in intestinal tissues, alterations in renal function
Deoxynivalenol	Cereals, grains and derived products such as pasta, bread, processed cereal-based foods and baby foods for infants and young children	Feed refusal and vomiting in domestic pigs Immunosuppression in mice
Zearalenone	Cereals, grains and derived products such as pasta, bread, processed cereal-based foods and baby foods for infants and young children	Estrogenic effects in pigs and experimental animals
Fumonisins B1 & B2	Maize and derived products	Leukoencephalomalacia in horses, pulmonary edema in pigs, neural tube defects in mouse embryos; rodent carcinogen
T-2 and HT-2	Unprocessed cereals and cereal products	Alimentary toxic aleukia, haemorrhage and vomiting
Citrinin	Food supplements based on rice fermented with red yeast Monascus purpureus	Nephrotoxic in pigs and rodents