Table 1.
Basic characteristics of the participants.
| Male (n = 41,265) | Female (n = 73,272) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Without HUA (n = 27,773) | HUA (n = 13,492) | p-Value | Without HUA (n = 70,018) | HUA (n = 3254) | p-Value | |
| Age (years) (%) a | ||||||
| 30–45 | 6023 (21.7) | 3647 (27.0) | <0.001 | 15,315 (21.9) | 398 (12.2) | |
| 45–55 | 6945 (25.0) | 3577 (26.5) | 18,477 (26.4) | 495 (15.2) | ||
| 55–70 | 14,805 (53.3) | 6268 (46.5) | 36,226 (49.4) | 2361 (72.6) | <0.001 | |
| Current/ever alcohol consumption (%) | ||||||
| No | 24,598 (88.6) | 11,267 (83.6) | 68,709 (98.2) | 3143 (96.6) | ||
| Yes | 3160 (11.4) | 2215 (16.4) | <0.001 | 1277 (1.8) | 109 (3.4) | <0.001 |
| Current/ever smoker (%) | ||||||
| No | 12,041 (43.4) | 5474 (40.6) | 62,834 (89.8) | 2898 (89.1) | ||
| Yes | 15,728 (56.6) | 8017 (59.4) | <0.001 | 7168 (10.2) | 356 (10.9) | 0.203 |
| Current/ever chewing betel nut (%) | ||||||
| No | 23,450 (84.5) | 10,998 (81.6) | 69,705 (99.7) | 3232 (99.5) | ||
| Yes | 4286 (15.5) | 2475 (18.4) | <0.001 | 210 (0.3) | 17 (0.5) | 0.034 |
| Physical activity (%) | ||||||
| No | 15,815 (57.0) | 7936 (33.4) | 42,457 (60.7) | 1858 (57.1) | ||
| Yes | 11,947 (43.0) | 5551 (41.2) | <0.001 | 27,523 (39.3) | 1396 (42.9) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) b | 24.77 ± 3.36 | 26.63 ± 3.62 | <0.001 | 23.42 ± 3.64 | 27.05 ± 4.57 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 86.52 ± 9.06 | 91.04 ± 9.34 | 0.019 | 80.29 ± 9.53 | 88.98 ± 10.92 | <0.001 |
| Body fat percentage (%) | 22.02 ± 5.31 | 24.76 ± 5.10 | <0.001 | 31.65 ± 6.26 | 37.61 ± 6.52 | 0.084 |
| Blood pressure (mmHg) | 125.30 ± 17.12 | 128.29 ± 17.58 | 0.066 | 116.55 ± 18.34 | 127.41 ± 19.47 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 189.43 ± 34.34 | 196.83 ± 36.10 | 0.001 | 197.13 ± 35.71 | 209.89 ± 40.97 | <0.001 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 124.51 ± 103.20 | 166.57 ± 141.91 | <0.001 | 100.41 ± 70.69 | 161.95 ± 124.95 | <0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 49.13 ± 11.27 | 45.44 ± 10.33 | <0.001 | 58.55 ± 13.19 | 50.39 ± 11.69 | <0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 120.02 ± 30.93 | 125.19 ± 32.31 | <0.001 | 119.94 ± 31.59 | 132.01 ± 35.81 | <0.001 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 99.88 ± 25.67 | 98.26 ± 17.90 | <0.001 | 93.62 ± 18.39 | 100.65 ± 21.43 | <0.001 |
a Comparisons of categorical variables were analyzed using the Chi-square test. b Continuous variables are summarized as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and were analyzed using Student’s t-test for normal data distributions.