Table 4.
Summary of Quality Assessment.
| Selection Bias | Detection Bias | Attrition Bias | Confounding Bias | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Author & Year | Study Design | Research Question, Aim, or Hypothesis | Sample Size or Power Calculation | Study Population Clearly Defined | Outcome Measure(s) Clearly Defined Used Valid Tools | Dropouts & Statistics | Confounders | Study score & Rating Good: 7–9 Fair: 4–6 Poor: 1–3 |
| Abbas and Liddle, 2013 | Case-control | + | + | + | + | + | + | 7 Good |
| Aguiar-Bloemer et al. 2018 | Cross-sectional | + | - | + | - | - | - | 3 Poor |
| Bachman et al. 2012 | Cross-sectional | + | - | - | + | + | - | 4 Fair |
| Blouin et al. 2008 | Case-control | + | - | + | + | + | + | 6 Fair |
| Bromel et al. 1998 | Prospective | + | - | - | - | - | - | 3 Poor |
| Case et al. 2010 | Post-hoc analysis of 4 trials | + | - | - | - | - | - | 3 Poor |
| De Beaurepaire, 2021 | Cross-sectional | + | - | - | + | + | - | 4 Fair |
| Fawzi and Fawzi, 2012 | Case-control | + | + | + | + | + | + | 7 Good |
| Garriga et al. 2019 | Cohort | + | - | + | + | + | + | 7 Good |
| Goluza et al. 2017 | Cross-sectional | + | - | - | + | + | - | 4 Fair |
| Hay and Hall, 1991 | Cross-sectional | + | - | - | + | - | - | 3 Poor |
| Khazaal et al. 2006 | Case-control | + | - | - | + | + | - | 4 Fair |
| Khazaal et al. 2010 | Cross-sectional | + | + | + | + | + | + | 7 Good |
| Khosravi, 2020 | Case-control | + | + | + | + | + | + | 7 Good |
| Kluge et al. 2007 | Data from RCTs | + | - | - | - | + | - | 5 Fair |
| Knolle-Veentjer et al. 2008 | Case-control | + | - | + | + | + | + | 6 Fair |
| Kouidrat et al. 2018 | Case-control | + | - | + | + | + | + | 6 Fair |
| Kucukerdonmez et al. 2019 | Cross-sectional | + | - | - | + | + | - | 4 Fair |
| Kurpad et al. 2010 | Cross-sectional | + | - | + | - | + | - | 4 Fair |
| Lundgren et al. 2014 | Case-control | + | - | - | + | + | - | 4 Fair |
| Lyketsos et al. 1985 | Case-control | + | - | - | + | + | - | 4 Fair |
| Malaspina et al. 2019 | Cross-sectional | - | - | - | + | + | + | 4 Fair |
| Palmese et al. 2013 | Cross-sectional | + | - | - | + | + | + | 5 Fair |
| Ramacciotti et al. 2004 | Cross-sectional | + | - | - | + | - | - | 3 Poor |
| Ryu et al. 2013 | Prospective | + | - | + | + | + | + | 7 Good |
| Sentissi et al. 2009 | Cross-sectional | + | - | + | + | + | + | 6 Fair |
| Srebnik et al. 2003 | Cross-sectional | + | - | - | + | + | - | 4 Fair |
| Stauffer et al. 2009 | RCT data | + | - | - | - | + | + | 6 Fair |
| Striegel-Moore et al. 1999 | Cross-sectional | - | - | - | + | - | - | 2 Poor |
| Teh et al. 2020 | Cross-sectional | + | + | + | + | + | + | 7 Good |
| Treuer et al. 2009 | Prospective | + | + | + | - | + | + | 7 Good |