Table 2.
Studies included in this systematic review.
| Study | Year | Country | Design | Sample Description | Sample Size | Sex | Mean Age (SD) of the Whole Sample |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alyami [25] | 2020 | Saudi Arabia | NRT; N-CG | Interstitial lung disease | 10 | T | 30–40+ |
| Amanat [26] | 2020 | Iran | RCT | Obese with metabolic syndrome | 60 | F | 54.5 (6.9) |
| Bagheri [27] | 2020 | Iran | RCT | Obese | 30 | M | 43.8 (3.4) * |
| Bang [28] | 2020 | South Korea | RT; N-CG | Healthy | 16 | M | 29.4 (5.1) |
| Banitalebi [29] | 2019 | Iran | RCT | Obese with type II diabetes | 52 | F | 55.4 (5.9) * |
| Besse-Patin [30] | 2014 | France | SGS | Obese | 11 | M | 35.4 (1.5) |
| Blüher [31] | 2014 | Germany | SGS | Obese | 65 | T | 12.5 (1.6) |
| Boeselt [32] | 2017 | Germany | NRT | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 37 | T | 65.7 (8.3) |
| Bonfante [33] | 2017 | Brazil | RCT | Obese | 22 | M | 49.1 (5.8) |
| Briken [34] | 2016 | Germany | RCT | Progressive multiple sclerosis | 42 | T | 50.0 (7.5) |
| Brinkmann [35] | 2020 | Germany | NRT; N-CG | Obese | 22 | T | 46–74 |
| Damirchi [36] | 2018 | Iran | RCT | Mild cognitive impairment | 20 | F | 68.8 (3.7) * |
| de la Torre-Saldaña [37] | 2019 | Mexico | SGS | Healthy | 38 | F | 23.0 (3.3) |
| Dianatinasab [38] | 2020 | Iran | RCT | Obese with metabolic syndrome | 54 | F | 53.5 (6.5) |
| Dündar [39] | 2019 | Turkey | RCT | Healthy | 34 | M | 14.5 (1.1) |
| Dünnwald [40] | 2019 | Austria | NRT; N-CG | Type II diabetes | 14 | T | 59.6 (5.7) * |
| Eaton [41] | 2017 | Canada | SGS | Healthy | 9 | M | 20.5 (1.5) |
| Ellefsen [42] | 2014 | Germany | SGS | Healthy | 18 | F | 26.0 (6.0) |
| Fernandez-del-Valle [43] | 2018 | US | RCT | Healthy | 26 | T | 21.2 (1.9) * |
| Ghanbari-Niaki [44] | 2018 | Iran | RCT | Healthy | 24 | F | 55.7 (4.9) |
| Hecksteden [45] | 2013 | Germany | RCT | Healthy | 102 | T | 49.0 (7.0) * |
| Huang [46] | 2017 | China | SGS | Obese | 22 | T | 22.1 (2.8) |
| Huh [47] | 2014 | US | SGS | Healthy | 14 | F | 24.3 (2.6) |
| Jawzal [48] | 2020 | Kurdistan | SGS | Healthy | 39 | M | 24 (22–27) |
| Kim [49] | 2016 | South Korea | RCT | Obese | 28 | T | 25.7 (4.1) * |
| Kim [50] | 2018 | South Korea | NRT | Healthy | 26 | F | 71.8 (3.1) * |
| Kim [51] | 2020 | South Korea | SGS | Healthy | 25 | F | 60.3 (5.3) |
| Korkmaz [52] | 2019 | Finland | RCT | Obese | 144 | M | 40–65 |
| Küster [53] | 2017 | Germany | NRT | Mild cognitive impairment | 46 | T | 71.2 (6.0) |
| Micielska [54] | 2019 | Poland | NRT | Healthy | 33 | F | 40.0 (11.0) * |
| Miyamoto-Mikami [55] | 2015 | Japan | RCT | Healthy | 53 | T | 21.0 (1.0)67.0 (8.0) |
| Moienneia [56] | 2016 | Iran | RCT | Healthy | 21 | F | 24.4 (3.0) |
| Moraes [57] | 2013 | Brazil | NRT; N-CG | Hemodialysis patients | 26 | T | 44.8 (14.1) |
| Motahari Rad [58] | 2020 | Iran | RCT | Type II diabetes | 51 | M | 43.9 (2.5) * |
| Murawska-Cialowicz [59] | 2015 | Poland | SGS | Healthy | 12 | T | 26.8 (6.8) * |
| Murawska-Cialowicz [60] | 2020 | Poland | RCT | Healthy | 25 | M | 32.4 (6.6) * |
| Neumayr [61] | 2020 | Austria | SGS | Healthy | 52 | T | 54.3 |
| Norheim [62] | 2013 | Norway | NRT; N-CG | Prediabetes | 26 | M | 40–65 |
| Ozan [63] | 2020 | Turkey | SGS | Elite boxers | 9 | M | 17.2 (3.3) |
| Özbay [64] | 2020 | Turkey | NRT; N-CG | Healthy | 33 | M | 22.6 (1.6) * |
| Palacios-Gonzales [65] | 2015 | Mexico | NRT; N-CG | Obese | 85 | T | 9.0 (0.9) * |
| Pekkala [15] | 2013 | Finland | NRT; N-CG | Healthy | 63 | M | 24–68 |
| Planella-Farrugia [66] | 2019 | Spain | RCT | Healthy | 43 | T | 71.2 (3.3) * |
| Prestes [67] | 2015 | Brazil | NRT | Healthy | 59 | F | 69.2 (6.1) * |
| Rashid [68] | 2020 | Iraq | NRT; N-CG | Obese | 60 | M | 20–43 |
| Rashti [69] | 2019 | Iran | RCT | Healthy | 48 | F | 57.1 (4.1) * |
| Roh [70] | 2020 | South Korea | RCT | Obese | 20 | T | 12.6 (0.5) |
| Sezgin [71] | 2020 | Turkey | NRT; N-CG | Obese | 37 | F | 47.9 (13.2) |
| Shabani [72] | 2018 | Iran | RCT | Healthy | 31 | F | 24.6 (2.5) * |
| Scharhag-Rosenberger [73] | 2014 | Germany | RCT | Healthy | 74 | T | 47.0 (7,0) |
| Śliwicka [74] | 2017 | Poland | SGS | Climbers | 8 | M | 27.0 (2.8) |
| Szumilewicz [75] | 2017 | Poland | NRT; N-CG | Pregnant | 9 | F | 23.0 (3.0) |
| Tibana [76] | 2017 | Brazil | NRT; N-CG | Obese | 49 | F | 61–68 |
| Tsuchiya [77] | 2016 | Japan | RT; N-CG | Healthy | 20 | M | 20.4 (0.8) * |
| Vieira [78] | 2020 | Brazil | RT; N-CG | Healthy | 20 | F | 64.1 (7.0) * |
| Walentukiewicz [79] | 2018 | Poland | RCT | Healthy | 94 | F | 68.0 (5.1) |
| Weber-Rajek [80] | 2019 | Poland | RCT | Obese with stress urinary incontinence | 49 | F | 62.5 (2.0) * |
| Witek [81] | 2016 | Poland | SGS | Tennis players | 12 | M | 16.0 (2.0) |
| Zhao [82] | 2017 | China | RCT | Healthy | 17 | M | 62.3 (3.5) * |
Note: * exercise group; SD = standard deviation; NRT = nonrandomised trial; N-CG = no control group; RCT = randomised controlled trial; RT = randomised trial; SGS = single group design study.