Table 5.
Prospective study. Serum levels of routine blood biomarkers and key proteins of target pathways in healthy subjects, COVID-19 cases (1–3 days before vitamin D treatment) (C), COVID-19 cases in day 7 (D7), and in day 14 (D14) of vitamin D treatment.
| GROUPS | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Healthy Subjects (H) (n = 23) |
COVID-19 (1–3 Days before Vitamin D Treatment) (C) (n = 210) | COVID-19 Cases (Day 7 of vit D) (D7) (n = 97) |
COVID-19 Cases (Day 14 of Vit D) (D14) (n = 95) |
p Value for MCT (Multiple Comparison Test) Age and Sex Adjusted |
|
| Serum 25OHD levels (ng/mL) Mean ± SD |
23.44 ± 9.10 | 16.62 ± 11.85 | 31.73 ± 12.29 | 35.46 ± 10.93 |
H vs.C p < 0.05; H vs. D14 p < 0.001; C vs. D7 or D14 p < 0.001; p > 0.05 for other groups Post hoc power: 100% |
| Ca2+ (mg/dL) Mean ± SD |
8.80 ± 0.41 | 8.49 ± 0.87 | 9.06 ± 0.90 | 9.52 ± 0.72 |
p > 0.05 for all groups Post hoc power: 37% |
| PTH (pg/mL) Mean ± SD |
28.97 ± 12.14 | 53.67 ± 114.78 | 49.92 ± 124.34 | 33.93 ± 40.15 |
p > 0.05 for all groups Post hoc power: 24% |
| Nitrate–Nitrite (µM) Mean ± SD | 10.18 ± 6.62 | 16.58 ± 10.89 | 17.83 ± 11.67 | 18.53 ± 10.76 |
H vs. D7or D14 p < 0.05; p > 0.05 for other groups Post hoc power: 62% |
| NOS1 (ng/mL) Mean ± SD | 0.81 ± 0.35 | 3.93 ± 2.45 | 3.56 ± 2.41 | 2.89 ± 2.00 |
H vs. C p < 0.001; H vs. D7 p < 0.05; C vs. D14 p < 0.01; p > 0.05 for other groups Post hoc power: 98% |
| DBP (ng/mL) Mean ± SD | 258.16 ± 92.86 | 416.64 ± 279.55 | 307.67 ± 258.36 | 289.74 ± 270.07 |
C vs. D7 or D14 p < 0.001; p > 0.05 for other groups Post hoc power: 95% |
| IL1B (pg/mL) Mean ± SD | 4.44 ± 0.75 | 7.30 ± 3.00 | 7.54 ± 4.19 | 7.07 ± 3.49 |
H vs. Cor D7 p < 0.05; H vs. D14 p < 0.001; C vs. D14 p < 0.05; p > 0.05 for other groups Post hoc power: 86% |
| IL6 (pg/mL) Mean ± SD | 0.86 ± 0.34 | 19.27 ± 41.66 | 27.57 ± 64.32 | 17.82 ± 43.20 |
p > 0.05 for all groups Post hoc power: 22% |
| IFNg (pg/mL) Mean ± SD | 1.10 ± 0.23 | 28.01 ± 24.63 | 35.66 ± 23.34 | 37.05 ± 21.52 |
H vs. all groups p < 0.0001; C vs. D7 p < 0.001; C vs. D14 p < 0.0001; p > 0.05 for other groups Post hoc power: 100% |
| IL17 (pg/mL) Mean ± SD | 3.06 ± 1.03 | 2.09 ± 0.80 | 1.98 ± 1.21 | 2.11 ± 1.28 |
H vs. all groups p < 0.0001; p > 0.05 for other groups Post hoc power: 99% |
| LL37 (ng/mL) Mean ± SD | 4.81 ± 2.69 | 18.51 ± 9.65 | 15.97 ± 9.23 | 14.76 ± 6.78 |
H vs. all groups p < 0.0001; C vs. D7 p < 0.05; C vs. D14 p < 0.01; p > 0.05 for other groups Post hoc power: 100% |
| S100B (pg/mL) Mean ± SD | 1.43 ± 0.25 | 3.96 ± 6.28 | 3.03 ± 3.21 | 3.00 ± 2.56 |
H vs.C p < 0.05; p > 0.05 for other groups Post hoc power: 57% |
| ICAM1 (ng/mL) Mean ± SD | 71.97 ± 37.92 | 130.48 ± 84.74 | 144.15 ± 77.14 | 145.33 ± 73.56 |
H vs.D7 p < 0.05; H vs.D14 p < 0.01; C vs.D14 p < 0.05; p > 0.05 for other groups Post hoc power: 71% |
| VCAM1 (ng/mL) Mean ± SD | 319.84 ± 138.14 | 496.33 ± 354.93 | 571.24 ± 371.16 | 666.65 ± 463.34 |
p > 0.05 for all groups Post hoc power: 13% |
Bold letters indicating the group names or the significant data.