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. 2021 Oct 28;11(11):1109. doi: 10.3390/jpm11111109

Table 3.

Pathophysiologic factors associated with weaning failure.

Neurological factors Decreased respiratory center output, electrolyte disorders, sedation, and sleep apnea
Phrenic nerve dysfunction
Muscle pump dysfunction Hyperinflation, acidosis-electrolyte disorders, malnutrition, and critical ilness neuromyopathy
Diaphragmatic dysfunction
Increased ventilation demands Increased CO2 production
Dead-space ventilation
Increased mechanical load Increased airway resistance (tube, central, or smaller airways)
Reduced lung compliance (alveolar filling, atelectasis, and fibrosis)
Increased chest wall elastance
Reduced lung elastic recoil (COPD)
Intrinsic PEEP
Cardiovascular Increased metabolic demand
Increased venous return
Increased left ventricular afterload
Endocrine dysfunction Hypothyroidism and myxedema
Psychological factors Anxiety, delirium, and sleep deprivation