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. 2021 Nov 18;22(22):12432. doi: 10.3390/ijms222212432

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Effects of AA treatment on proximal tubular cells and ROS. Relative renal mRNA expression of (A) p53, (B) p21, (C) p16, and (D) GLS. (E) Representative images of SA-β-gal-stained kidney sections in the vehicle-control and AA groups (bar: 100 µm). (F) Representative TEM images of the proximal tubular cells in the vehicle-control and AA groups (original magnification: ×5000; bar: 1 μm). Relative renal mRNA expression of (G) Bnip3 and (H) Nox2 in the vehicle-control and AA groups. (I) Relative renal 4-HNE level in the vehicle-control and AA groups. (A–D,G–I) * p  <  0.05, ** p  <  0.01, *** p  <  0.001 compared with the vehicle-control group. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 5 per group) and were analyzed using the unpaired Student’s t-test. 4-HNE: 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal; AA: aristolochic acid; Bnip3: BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19-kDa interacting protein 3; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GLS: glutaminase; NS: nonspecific band; SA-β-gal: senescence-associated β-galactosidase; TEM: transmission electron microscope.