Table 1.
Literature review on probiotics’ effects in various health conditions.
| Reference | Health Condition | Sample Size | Probiotics | Duration | Effect in Inflammation |
Other Effects |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bernini et al. 2015 [121] |
metabolic syndrome | 26 probiotic group 25 control group |
fermented milk with 2.72 × 1010 CFU Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 | 45 days | ↓ TNF-α ↓ IL-6 |
↓ BMI ↓ total cholesterol ↓ LDL |
| Akkasheh et al. 2016 [122] |
major depressive disorder | 20 probiotic group 20 control group |
Lactobacillus acidophilus (2 × 109 CFU/g), Lactobacillus casei (2 × 109 CFU/g), Bifidobacterium bifidum (2 × 109 CFU/g) |
8 weeks | ↓ hs-CRP | ↓ BDI total scores ↓ insulin ↓ HOMA-IR ↑ glutathione |
| Zamani et al. 2016 [123] | rheumatoid arthritis | 30 probiotic group 30 control group |
Lactobacillus acidophilus (2 × 109 [CFU]/g), Lactobacillus casei (2 × 109 CFU/g), Bifidobacterium bifidum (2 × 109 CFU/g) |
8 weeks | ↓ hs-CRP | ↑ DAS28 ↓ insulin ↓ HOMA-B ↓ total cholesterol ↓ LDL |
| Moludi et al. 2021 [124] | coronary artery disease | 22 probiotic group + caloric restriction 22 control group + caloric restriction |
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (1.6 × 109 CFU) | 12 weeks | ↓ IL-1ß | ↓ LPS |
| Han et al. 2015 [125] |
alcoholic hepatitis | 60 probiotic group + alcohol abstinence 57 control group + alcohol abstinence |
Lactobacillus subtilis/Streptococcus faecium (1500 mg/day) | 7 days | ↓ TNF-α | ↓ LPS |
| Kobyliak et al. 2018 [126] | Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease | 30 probiotic group 28 control group |
Lactobacillus + Lactococcus (6 × 1010 CFU/g), Bifidobacterium (1 × 1010 CFU/g), Propionibacterium (3 × 1010 CFU/g), Acetobacter (1 × 106 CFU/g) |
8 weeks | ↓ TNF-α ↓ IL-6 |
↓ liver fat ↓ AST ↓ GGT |
Aberrations: UCF—colony-forming unit; TNF-α—tumor necrosis factor α; IL-6—interleukin 6; BMI—body mass index; LDL—low-density lipoprotein; hs-CRP—high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; BDI—Beck Depression Inventory; HOMA-IR—homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; DAS—Disease Activity Score of 28 joints; HOMA-B—homeostatic model assessment-B cell function; IL-1ß—interleukin 1ß; LPS—lipopolysaccharide; AST—aspartate aminotransferase; GGT—gamma-glutamyl transferase; ↑—significantly increased; ↓—significantly decreased.