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. 2021 Nov 22;13(11):4177. doi: 10.3390/nu13114177

Figure 8.

Figure 8

Effects of blackcurrant on diabetic cardiomyopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus mice (T2DM mice). Blackcurrant attenuates vascular inflammation and fibrosis of thoracic aorta in T2DM mice. Representative images of Orcein staining in T2DM thoracic aortic tissue ((Aa), magnification × 40; (Ab), magnification × 400, n = 4 per group). Graph of the effect of Bla.C on the change in cross-sectional area (Ba) and length of tunica intima–media (Bb) of the thoracic aorta in T2MD mice. The expression of inflammatory cytokines in the thoracic aorta was determined by Western blot analysis (Ca–Cd) (n = 4 per group). Cont, control (db/m mice); T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus mice (db/db mice); Vil.G, db/db + vildagliptin 50 mg/kg/day, positive control, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor; Bla.C, db/db + blackcurrant 200 mg/kg/day; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-1β, interleukin-1β. Data are shown as mean ± S.E. ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 vs. Cont.; # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, ### p < 0.001 vs. T2DM.