Table 1.
Evidence of autophagy involvement found in post-mortem brain tissue of PD, DLB, and MSA patients.
| AutophagyMarkers | Function | PD | DLB | MSA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AMBRA1 | upstream regulator | increased immunoreactivity [61] | increased immunoreactivity [61] | increased protein levels and immunoreactivity [83] |
| ATG7 | upstream regulator | - | decreased protein levels and immunoreactivity [82] | - |
| ATP13A2 | lysosomal ATPase | decreased immunoreactivity [62] | - | - |
| Beclin-1 | autophagosome generation | increased protein levels [61] | partially increased protein levels [61] | increased immuno-reactivity [84] |
| Cathepsin D | lysosomal hydrolase | decreased immunoreactivity [72] | increased immunoreactivity [82] | - |
| HSC70 | chaperone involved in CMA | decreased protein levels [59] | - | increased immuno-reactivity [85] |
| Lamp-1 | lysosomal membrane glycoprotein | decreased immunoreactivity [72] | - | - |
| Lamp-2A | membrane receptor for CMA | decreased protein levels, immunoreactivity in few LBs [59,65] | - | - |
| LC3B | autophagosome generation | increased immunoreactivity [58], increased LC3B-II protein levels [59] | increased immunoreactivity [81,82] | increased immuno-reactivity [34,86] |
| mTOR | upstream regulator | - | increased protein levels and immunoreactivity [82] | - |
| p62 | upstream regulator | increased immunoreactivity [60] | - | increased immuno-reactivity [86] |
| ULK1/2 | upstream regulator | increased immunoreactivity [61] | increased immunoreactivity [61] | - |
| VPS34 | vesicle trafficking | increased immunoreactivity [61] | increased protein levels and immunoreactivity [61] | - |