Table 2.

Effects of bioprinting techniques on adipose and bone marrow stem cells.

	Bioprinting Method
	Extrusion	Inkjet	Laser	References
Adipose Stem Cells	Drop in viability due to shear stress, cells can attach to hydrogels normally and grow, printed monolayers show a higher cell viability, retention of differentiation ability	Favorable cell adhesion depends on the biomaterial, increase in cell proliferation after 24 h, may create incomplete constructs due to printing lower cell densities	Does not initiate differentiation, no effect on proliferation, no significant DNA damage	[40,41,42,43,44,51,52,53,59,60,61,62]
Bone Marrow Stem Cells	Sheer stress may encourage cells into osteoblast lineage, long-term differentiation potential is retained, lower cell viability, cell proliferation increases within 28 days	Cell proliferation and viability affected by higher pressures, medium shear pressure encourages differentiation, unchanged stem cell phenotype post printing, osteogenic differentiation not affected by printing	No changes in phenotype, no significant effect on cell proliferation, high cell viability, no significant genotoxicity or apoptosis occurred	[37,45,46,47,48,55,56,59,65,66,67]