Table 4.

Bone marrow stem cells in scaffolds.

Biomaterial	Effects	Bioprinting Method *	References
Alginate	Early osteogenic nodule formation, poor diffusion of differentiation factors/dyes, spherical morphology, lower cell viability, presence of calcium deposition	Extrusion	[91,111,112]
Collagen	Can induce osteogenic differentiation, mineralization present by 21 days, RUNX2 upregulation, cells bind to integrin proteins	-	[114,115,116]
Gelatin	Cytoprotective function, osteogenesis and chondrogenesis, strong proliferation and cell viability	-	[117,118]
Hyaluronic Acid	Increase in osteogenic markers, blood vessel formation and mineralization in vivo, early bone formation	-	[120,121]
Alginate/Collagen	Lower cell viability but persistent cell proliferation, survival depends on alginate/collagen concentrations, greater BSP, OCN, and OPN expression	-	[122]
Collagen/Hyaluronic Acid	Early chondrogenesis, upregulation of SOX9 and collagen type II, greater cell migration	-	[123]

* If applicable.