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. 2021 Nov 8;13(11):1898. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111898

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(A) Minimum inhibitory (MIC), biocidal (MBC), and sub-inhibitory (sIC) concentrations of persimmon extract rich in carotenoids (PEC) by microdilution assay. MIC values of PEC led to a significant inhibition of microbial strains in comparison with untreated controls (different letters showed significant differences between tested strains, p < 0.05, ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc test). Optical images of wells containing PEC MIC-treated live microorganisms (left) or untreated controls (right): (B) Candida albicans, (C) Trichophyton rubrum, (D) Cutibacterium acnes, (E) Escherichia coli, (F) Staphylococcus aureus, and (G) Staphylococcus epidermidis.