Table 1.

Health benefits of olive derivatives consumption as in vitro as in vivo.

Health Benefit	Form/Specie	Dose Used	Model	Main Effects	Reference
Cardiovascular	EVOO included in a Mediterranean Diet	10 or 20 g/day	In Vivo: humans (25 subjects; 36 years old)	Prevented the production of ROS in the post-prandial period	[30]
Anti-diabetic and cardiovascular	EVOO included in a Mediterranean Diet	10 g/day	In Vivo: humans (25 subjects)	Reduction of blood glucose, LDL cholesterol and its oxidized form, and improved insulin level in comparison with the use of corn oil	[31]
Cardiovascular	EVOO included in a Mediterranean Diet	14.8 mL/day	In Vivo: humans (137 subjects; >64 years old)	Lower systolic blood pressure and improved endothelial function	[32]
Anti-diabetic and cardiovascular	Oleuropein in a basal diet	20 mg/day	In Vivo: humans (20 subjects; 33 years old)	Reduces glucose and oxidative markers while increases insulin blood levels	[33]
Anti-sclerosis	EVOO and HXT in a basal diet	20 mg/kg/day	In Vivo: rats (25 subjects)	Reduces oxidation of lipids and proteins while increases levels of glutathione peroxidase.	[34])
Anti-diabetic benefit and Hepatic protection	HXT in a basal diet	20 mg/kg/day	In Vivo: mice (10 subjects)	Prevention of hepatic steatosis	[35]
Cardiovascular	HXT in a high-fat diet	5 mg/kg/day	In Vivo: mice (28 subjects)	Reduce cardiovascular risk by reduction of oxidative stress and increase of plasma antioxidant profile	[36]
Cardiovascular and anti-tumor	EVOO (89.4 HXT)	30 mL	In Vitro: breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) In Vivo: rats (22 subjects)	Decrease the oxidation of LDL cholesterol. Improve of the endothelial function, which reduced the size of the tumour	[37]
Anti-bacterial and anti-fungal	HXT	100–500 mM	In Vitro: Standard fungal strains: A. nidulans, A. fumigatus, A. flavus, F. oxysporum and C. albicans. Standard bacterial strains: P. aeruginosa, E. coli, Klebsiella sp., P. fluorescens, S. aureus, and B. subtilis.	Strong antifungal activity in studied fungal strains. High efficiency in fungal plasma membrane destruction.	[38]
Cardiovascular and anti-diabetic	HXT	9.7 mg/day	In Vitro: hepatic cell lines (HepG2)	Improvement pancreatic β-cell responsiveness which produces an increase in insulin sensitivity	[39]
Cardiovascular	Tyrosol	25 mg/day	In Vivo: humans (33 subjects)	Improved endothelial function, increased HDL cholesterol and antithrombin IIII, while decreased plasma homocysteine, and gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.	[40,41]
Neuro-protector	HXT	5 mg/kg/day	In Vivo: rats (8 subjects)	Brain accumulation of HXT produced the reduction of the oxidative stress at neuronal level, which suggested its neuroprotective activity	[42]
Anti-inflammatory and anti-tumour	HXT	100 µg/day	In Vivo: rats (8 subjects)	Oleuropein acts as pro-inflammatory status, whereas HXT promotes an anti-inflammatory status.	[43]
Digestive	HXT	150 ppm	In Vitro: CACO-2 cell lines	Increase bioavailability of Fe and Zn	[13]

EVOO: extra virgin olive oil; ROS: reactive oxygen substance.