Table 2.

Summary of ^99mTc labeled inorganic nanoparticles and their applications.

Nanoparticle	Application	Drug Loaded on NPs	Radiolabeling Method	Ref.
Iron oxide Nanoparticles	Hyperthermia procedure	Without drug	Direct radiolabeling using tetrahydroborate exchange resin (reducing agent)	[27]
	SPECT and MRI based imaging of hepatocytes	Lactobionic acid	Chelator-based radiolabeling using DTPA and stannous chloride (reducing agent)	[28]
	The liver and spleen imaging	Without drug	Chelator-based radiolabeling using bisphosphonate chelator	[29]
	The liver and spleen imaging	Dimerccaptosuccinic acid (DMSA)	Chelator-based radiolabeling using DMSA	[30]
	SPECT and MRI imaging of H1299 αvβ3-positive cells	c(RGDyC) peptide	Chelator-based radiolabeling using DTPA and stannous chloride (reducing agent)	[31]
	αvβ3-positive tumor imaging	c(RGDyC) and glutathione (GSH)	Direct radiolabeling using stannous chloride (reducing agent)	[32]
	Fe3O4 and CoFe2O4 nanoparticles for liver and spleen imaging	Without drug	Direct radiolabeling using stannous chloride (reducing agent)	[33]
Gold Nanoparticles	GRP-r receptor-based therapy of prostate cancer	Lys3-bombesin and HYNIC-Gly-Gly-Cys-NH2 [HYNIC (hydrazinonicotinamide), GGC(Gly-Gly-Cys) peptide	Chelator-based radiolabeling using HYNIC and stannous chloride (reducing agent)	[35]
	Lymph node (SLN) imaging	Without drug	Chelator-based radiolabeling using HYNIC and stannous chloride (reducing agent)	[36]
	αvβ3-positive tumor imaging	HYNIC-GGC and cyclic[Arg-Gly-Asp-Phe-Lys(Cys)] {c[RGDfK(C)]}.	Chelator-based radiolabeling using HYNIC and stannous chloride (reducing agent)	[37]
	GRP-r-positive tumors, SLN detection and αvβ3 positive tumors	Lys3-bombesin, thiol-mannose or cyclo[Arg–Gly–Asp–D–Phe–Lys–(Cys)] c[RDGfK(C)]	Chelator-based radiolabeling using HYNIC and stannous chloride (reducing agent)	[38]
	Plasmonic photothermal therapy	HIV Tat (49–57) peptide and bombesin	Chelator-based radiolabeling using HYNIC and stannous chloride (reducing agent)	[39]
	SPECT/CT imaging of tumor xenografted model	Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers	Chelator-based radiolabeling using DTPA and stannous chloride (reducing agent)	[40]
	HT29 cells	Resveratrol (Res)	Direct radiolabeling using stannous chloride (reducing agent)	[41]
	αvβ3-positive tumor imaging	c(RGDyC) peptide	Chelator-based radiolabeling using DTPA and stannous chloride (reducing agent)	[43]
	Monitoring of tumor apoptosis	Duramycin	Chelator-based radiolabeling using DOTA and stannous chloride (reducing agent)	[44]
	Tumor targeting	Alkoxyphenylacylsulfonamide (APAS)	Chelator-based radiolabeling using DTPA and stannous chloride (reducing agent)	[45]
	Tumor targeting	Generation 5 dendrimer, G5-NH2	Chelator-based radiolabeling using DTPA and stannous chloride (reducing agent)	[46]
Silica Nanoparticles	General biodistribution study	Without drug	Direct radiolabeling using stannous chloride (reducing agent)	[48]
	General biodistribution study	Without drug and with Cy5.5 fluorescent agent	Direct radiolabeling using stannous chloride (reducing agent)	[49]
	General biodistribution study	APTES modified nanoparticles	Chelator-based radiolabeling using DTPA and stannous chloride (reducing agent)	[50]
	HER2 receptors targeting in tumors	Anti-HER2 antibody	Direct radiolabeling using stannous chloride (reducing agent),Chelator-based radiolabeling using DTPA and MAG3	[51]
	To target HER2 positive breast cancer	Trastuzumab (TZ)	Chelator-based radiolabeling using His-Tag	[52]
	To target HER2 positive breast cancer	Trastuzumab (TZ) and DOX	Direct radiolabeling	[53]
	Melanoma treatment	Dacarbazine	Direct radiolabeling using stannous chloride (reducing agent)	[54]
	General biodistribution study	Without the drug, radiotherapy using 186/188Re and optical imaging using eosin isothiocyanate (EOITC)	Direct radiolabeling using a tricarbonyl kit	[55]
	General biodistribution study and dual SPECT and MRI imaging agent	DOX drug for chemotherapy and MnO for MRI imaging	Direct radiolabeling using stannous chloride (reducing agent)	[56]
Titanium Nanoparticles	General biodistribution study	Without drug	Direct radiolabeling on the surface of nanoparticles	[57]